Cultural and religious beliefs and values may have an impact on preferences for treatment at end-of-life. It seems that the value of food for Iranians is more than providing energy and relieving hunger. Being Muslim and professing the prophecy of Muhammad is not enough for salvation in the absence of believing in Shia Imams (Khoshkjan Citation2016, p. 3). Today, Iran is home to a population of around 83,024,745 individuals. It is uncommon for people to overtly express themselves or publicly identify with unconventional subcultures or hobbies. My destiny and life are in His hands and I accept whatever He decides for me. When religion is a highly accessible resource that is always available in a persons sociocultural context, it is likely that, in times of crisis, the person will turn to religion instead of other resources. I strongly believe in it because it is carved into my bones. Those families that have connections with the government are sometimes afforded latitude to deviate from strict rules, or they may receive more lenient consequences for their actions. Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia! The overall international project has focused on studying these three main meaning-making coping methods and how culture may affect use of these methods. Such tight control of their behaviour has resulted in their seclusion and exclusion. . The present article is based on an international study on meaning-making coping aimed at understanding the role of culture in coping. (p. 46). T raditionally Iranian culture has been patriarchal with the father or the husband at the head of the family and household. Iranian Clothing - What to wear while traveling to Iran? Some people believe ziyarat has undeniable positive effects on their wellbeing, mental health and behaviour. Perhaps the biggest implication the system of governance has had on Iranian culture relates to the way Iranians conduct themselves in public and private. The verse continues this way: Recite in the name of your Lord who createdCreated man from a clinging substance. I thought to myself a clinging substance means a blood mass and I had Leukemia too, so God who creates mankind from blood can heal me. Couples tend to only have one to two children. The results of the Pearson's correlation coefficient test indicated that there was no significant relationship between professional values and age (r = 0.03, p = 0.47), while there was a significant relationship between professional values and the GPA (r = 0.29, p = 0.003).This revealed that the students with higher GPA had higher scores in professional values. The quotes used in this part, which were recorded in Persian, have been translated into English. Role of Father: In traditional families, the father is the head of the household. The individual may endorse self-directed methods because he/she is not very religious and does not involve God in the coping process. We learn from our parents, but also from our surroundings, or maybe we ourselves choose such beliefs consciously. perceived benefits. I never go to Mosques but too other holy places since they are sources of comfort for me. When Nahal is told shes had a miscarriage, instead of seeking support from her familywho have, in the past, refused to recognize her struggle with depressionshe keeps the news to herself, leading to desperation. The concept of imamat is important to the Shiites.Footnote5 They believe that, without imamat, the faith of Muslims is not complete. We use cookies to improve your website experience. Examples include post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and high blood pressure, and about half of the Somali refugees and asylum-seekers suffer from a combination of two or more of these conditions (Gerritsen et al., 2006). According to Nation Master, females made up over 60% of the overall Iranian student body in 2012. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. A unified, searchable interface answering your questions on the world's cultures and religions. The Persians were only one of these tribes who settled in the territory of Persis (also Parsa, modern-day Fars) which would give them their name. TEHRAN, Nov. 18 (MNA) - According to PersianRestaurant.org, food culture is the practices, attitudes, and beliefs surrounding the production, distribution, and consumption of food. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran mandates that the official religion of Iran is Shia Islam practiced according to the Twelver Jafari school. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. DEFINITION AND BACKGROUND. her figure and her hair. Elderly relatives are kept at home, not placed in a nursing home. Instead, people are expected to self-deprecate their success. (35-year-old female). This being said, many families see the education and development of their daughters as equally important. A Minor Leap Down, an Iranian film featured at international film festivals in Berlin and Toronto, illustrates the struggle of a 30-year-old Iranian woman named Nahal, whose deteriorating mental health is undermined by her family. Religious association also has powerful leverage in society. (PERSIAN CULTURE) Iranian culture is one of the oldest in the whole world and has influenced cultures like Italy, Macedonia, Greece, Russia, the Arabian Peninsula, and parts of Asia. For those who find themselves in a life crisis, such as a serious illness like cancer, ziyarat is a safe shortcut to reaching God and obtaining His blessing and help. One contributing factor may be that women in Iran are often confined to the home, leading to isolation and poor domestic conditions. The term "family values" has become a popular phrase in recent years. Italian Culture and Its Impact on the World. Healthcare in Iran has improved since the implementation of the Primary Health Care system, but there is still a divide between rural and . For example, the younger Iranian generation generally do not feel the need to stringently apply the honour code and will often hide certain shameful actions they consider reasonable from the older generations, who might be deeply offended by such behaviours. The primary beverage is black tea. I never forget Him for a second. Familial relationships and reputation are important aspects of Iranian culture. Survey identifies health behaviors, challenges shared by Muslim community. Many people study for a higher education or post-graduate degree as strong respect is shown to those who have proof of expertise. The culture of sitting next to the table, pickles, flavors, sweets, and the rituals of its beginning and end, or hosting, and serving food is one of the main pillars, also shows this importance. Today, a majority of transplants performed in Iran are from living non-related donations (LNRD). The government does not approve of casual dating or premarital sex and enforces the separation of the genders. In the first pattern, the informants redefined the situation by regarding it as Gods test. On the contrary, seeking the love of saints and imams was found in this study. When discussing religious coping, it is vital to consider circumstances in which religion and coping are interlaced. Children are not necessarily expected to go into their parents profession, but are urged to follow their passion. The Cultural Atlas team acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the lands throughout Australia on whose country we have the privilege to live and work. Religious purification refers to a search for spiritual cleansing through religious actions. One usually turns immediately to family for assistance and may tell their problems and issues only to their family members. While it borders seven different countries, the Iranian people do not seem to affiliate themselves with the Arab world; nor do they share much commonality with those in South/Central Asia. Herding has long been a traditional part of the economy, and dairy productsmilk, cheese, and particularly yogurtare common ingredients in Persian dishes. Cultural beliefs affect health and wellness through the information that it provides for its people. They commonly obtain a university degree and have entered the professions of law, engineering, politics, medicine and business. This happened in the midst of human civilization through invasions. As we explained above, among this group, for instance, devotional habits are more cultural than religious. In recent years, there has been reasonably little disagreement between ethnicities in Iran which is significant considering the diversity. Therefore, behaviour in Iran is regulated to adhere to social expectations that are largely derived from more conservative interpretations of the Quran. Chief Editor: Robert T. Muller, The Trauma and Mental Health Report. Being struck by a serious illness like cancer can result in the loss of confidence and security in life. Despite the firmly entrenched reach of the Islamic Republic, Iranians generally discuss politics with vigour. Article. Designing effective health interventions for managing early marriage needs to apply the community-based approaches. Largely, ones family is the biggest social indicator of status. Im not in charge, but only God. Outreach and education efforts by the health care community can help . According to Khoshkjan (Citation2016, p. 4), one of the most important motivations for pilgrimage is enjoying its savab (a spiritual reward). To request a reprint or commercial or derivative permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below. Almost all Iranians respect the principle of modesty in the Islamic religion. A 75-year-old woman told us: When the doctor said I had cancer, my children were extremely worried but I tried to comfort them to not be worried and said they should trust in God. In our study, we found a tendency toward using these habits as coping strategies to gain comfort and closeness to God. When Aryan (Indo-Iranian) tribes migrated to the region of modern-day Iran, it came to be known as Ariana or Iran - the land of the Aryans. According to Majlesi (Citation1982) (a very important religious figure in Iran) (p. 209), the reward (savab) of pilgrimage of Imam Rezas tomb in Mashhad (Iran) is equal to one thousand hajes- pilgrim to Macca. Show abstract. Reducing health . As it seems, believing that imams have outwardly powers, that visiting imams tombs ziyarat means nearing the source of the divine, and that through ziyarat they gain rewards savab has brought about the kind of psychological confidence and security that our informants needed while facing a serious life crisis. Much of the population seeks a return to a more liberal society; older generations can often remember the time when public life was more easy-going and younger generations, exposed to alternative ideas through the internet and overseas education, yearn for a lifting of restrictions on individual behaviour. Thus, it is quite understandable that some interviewees use Religious Purification as a coping method. Many Iranians have misgivings about the politicisation of Islam. Several Iranian dishes originated from the Greeks, Arabs, Turks and Russians. It is common for Iranians to refer to themselves as Persian, which carries the association and prestige of the historical empire.1 The Iranian culture and people have a history of being one of the most progressive in the Middle East. Debase, This cultural content is crucial in constructing individuals identities and ethical/moral worldview, which in its turn serves as an orienting system when navigating social relationships. It is the same with the saints and Imams. It also helps for the child to see how he specifically contributes to the family. Rather, the distinctive Persian identity engenders a strong sense of pride and belonging among its people. After the coding process was complete, we established the fundamental characteristics of the methods the informants employed to cope with their cancer disease. Translation included an inevitable process of removing certain nuances from the actual texts. Iranian culture is patriarchal, legally and culturally males have more rights and privileges than females. Ziyarat is, however, not merely a way of reaching God to ask for help. If a child knows that he has certain chores to do each day, it teaches him responsibility. (p. 12). Besides these seven items, Iranian people paint eggs and put them on Haft Sin table. Iran is the 17th largest country in the world. Iran has been swift and forthcoming in adopting and bringing forward new ideas. There remains a great deal of protection around girls in this regard. Beliefs are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. Iran recognises Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian religious minorities, among others. Get a downloadable, printable version that you can read later. Furthermore, ethnic minorities tend to have distinctive forms of social organisation that are sometimes more collectivistic. This religious governance directly affects the public, political, economic and legal aspects of people's lives. In this pattern, praying to and conversing with saints and imams are in focus; one interesting finding was that no one reported having turned to Clergies in this respect. Serkeh: Vinegar symbolizes age and patience. Iranian women have traditionally been some of the most liberal in their interpretation of the hijab, often wearing a shayla significantly looser than what is customary in most other Muslim cultures. Spiritual Connection means experiencing a sense of connectedness with forces that transcend the individual as a coping method to gain comfort. Somaq: It is a Persian spice that represents sunlight. A health belief system has four key components: perceived susceptibility. When our interviewees talked about ziyarat, they often referred to visiting his holy shrine. God tells us if you act, I will support you. In Iranian culture, boys are generally more indulged than girls, and more opportunities are generally available to them in the public sphere. Across its history, Iran has continuously pursued modernisation whilst looking to maintain its spiritual integrity. The transcriptions were then coded, categorised, and thematised using a thematic analysis method. The larger study has been conducted among cancer patients in 10 countries. As Willander (Citation2014, p. 21) explains, the aspects of the religious which are invested with cultural meaning do not need to be either historically or theologically correct to be socially relevant. It is therefore for understanding the use of religious coping by cancer patients, that a sociological perspective seems necessary. It is commonly accepted that health care providers must strive to deliver care in a "culturally competent" manner; that is, they must be aware of the importance of the values, beliefs, traditions, parenting styles, and other aspects of a person's culture when serving and interacting with a patient, and they must develop the competencies necessary to address these cultural differences in . These are primarily their family members and close friends. Traditions, cultural values, attitudes and behaviors help in children's rearing in the society and relays the family structure from generation to generation [ 7 ]. I think one thing that helped me was to walk this path alone. Healthcare in Iran is based on three pillars: the public-governmental system, the private sector, and NGOs. They are also sometimes taught early that the protection of family honour also resides with them. So I accepted it and was happy with it. The interviews were conducted from November 2017 through December 2017, and the transcription process was completed by February 2018. It is important for non-Muslims to understand that many Iranians generally recognise the government as the source of their complaint, not Islam. It seems that making decision for cesarean is done under the influence of cultural perceptions and beliefs. It is a country with a rich history and unique culture. Such an unwillingness to turn to clergies in the time of difficulty is also found in our Turkish study. Cultural factors that can influence family planning discussions and decisions include gender role inequality, deference to family or physician authority, religious influences, belief that. Awareness can translate to an enhanced understanding of the complexity of mental-health problems in a culture that holds rigid attitudes about mental health and illness. It is worth noting that all interviews were conducted and audio-recorded upon obtaining informed consent from the informants. Behaviour in Iran is also noticeably influenced by peoples perceptions of pride and dignity. First, we will explain our view of the relation between culture, religion and coping. I did Nazr without understanding why. Generally, young adults hide the existence of their girlfriend or boyfriend from their parents (especially the father) until they have ascertained that their relationship will lead to marriage. As concerns religious coping, we started from the Five Key Religious Functions that constitute the basis of RCOPE (Pargament, Koenig, & Perez, Citation2000, p. 521). The concept of orientation system concerns the ways in which culture influences peoples lives. Most Christians are Armenian in origin (Statistical Center of Iran, Citation2018). Mental illness in a family member is viewed as a familial flaw. The eye is a pragmatic element in both cultures. In this regard, a 53-year-old woman, told us: I never ask the clergy for help.. In an interview with the Trauma and Mental Health Report (translated, Farsi to English), Hamed Rajabi, director of A Minor Leap Down, explains: This social system is only concerned with how people work and perform, and when that performance is lowered, their behavior is instantly condemned.. The interview guide was primarily based on the questions used in the Swedish study (Ahmadi, Citation2015); however, some cultural considerations were applied during production of the final protocol. Robert T. Muller, Ph.D., is a professor of psychology at York University, and the author of the book Trauma and the Avoidant Client. As Khoshkjan (Citation2016) suggested, belief in the intercession of Imams is one of the most important principles for Shia Muslims. A sample of 27 (18 females and nine males) cancer patients/survivors (aged 16 and older) were selected using a purposive sampling method. This work was supported by Hgskolan i Gvle: [Grant Number 7350]. Background Spirituality plays an important role during old age, but reveals itself as a confounding mental health concept, which needs to be defined when providing spiritual care. Because Iran is largely a desert, however, the ideal open space is a culturally constructed spacea garden. Ethnicity, Language, and Religion in Iran. Nevertheless, much of the population shares the benefits of the middle class. Religion may not be the only available resource in a persons orientation system, and it may be easier to access other resources. Results and Discussion on religious coping methods (RCOPE), https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1555699, https://journals.bmsu.ac.ir/jbs/index.php/jbs/article/view/593, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. All these things calm me down and give me strength. It would seem reasonable to assume that religion is more accessible to individuals whose orientation system is greatly marked by religion. Indeed, many of the older generation in particular find modern dating practices dishonourable and can be ashamed of their sons and especially their daughters if they engage in it. Still, when religion plays a predominant role as a coping resource, this is often because the individual has few or limited other alternatives available in his/her immediate sociocultural context. (53-year-old female), Hand in hand with God, we walked together on this path. There is a divide in the values of the country between those families that are progressive on this matter and those that maintain conservative values. In the current article, we present the results from our study in Iran, which looks at religious coping methods from a cultural perspective. whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. Dec 15, 2012. Iranian Culture 12 Traditions and Customs Only Iranians Will Understand Posted on 28 July 2019 As in any other country, Iran is ripe with quirks and eccentricities. In the first pattern, religious actions are rooted in religious beliefs. Individuals then keep any information surrounding troubles within the family circle away from public knowledge. As Corbin (Citation1964/Citation1993, p. 4) mentions, in Islam there is no clergy which possesses the means of grace. Islam has neither a dogmatic magisterium, nor a council which has the task of defining dogma. We don't wish to prevent doctors from practising in line with their beliefs and values, as long as they also follow the guidance in Good medical practice. This is the way they act at home or with their inner circle, where they can reveal their baaten (inside or true) identity without risk of arrest. Mixing of males and females only really occurs within families or closely knit circles of friends. 1.1 Taking responsibility People receive safe and effective care when pharmacy professionals take responsibility for ensuring that person-centred care is not compromised by personal values or beliefs. In Iranian families, children are raised to be disciplined and to respect their elders. I begged Him not to let me die in pain. The coding based on the themes found in the study used a template analysis style, a theory-driven analysis (Malterud, Citation2014), while categorisation of the themes was based on the results obtained in other studies in the project (Ahmadi, Citation2006, Citation2015; Ahmadi & Ahmadi, Citation2018; Ahmadi et al., Citation2017; Ahmadi, Ahmadi, Erbil, & Cetrez Citation2016). Across most households, elders are deeply respected and cared for. Writing notes while interviewing contributed to the data quality. While the nuclear family is modestly sized, close relationships with the extended family mean peoples family networks are sometimes quite large. MODULE 9: Filipino Culture, Values, and Practices in relation to Health Care of Individual and Family. Rice and fresh unleavened or semi leavened whole-grain bread are staple starches. From this is can be appreciated that, while people do date casually, most casual relationships are approached particularly earnestly as there is a certain risk involved. Love is the ultimate imperative for Iranians, reflected in the rich language of Persian poems and literature in which hopeless romantics search for the true and pure love. Islam is practiced by the majority of Iranians and governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives. Iran recognises Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian religious minorities, among others. 3099067 The categories or sub-categories were then linked to relevant codes in the material. Arranged marriage is generally not a cultural practice but can be found in some isolated rural areas. Data was reported in Iran in 2013 has shown that almost 42 percent of deliveries in public hospitals and 90 percent in private hospitals were carried out with cesarean section. Different. Our . Most Iranians seem to be unified across ethnic divides. After recruitment of the sample, interview times were chosen based on the participants preferences. One 41-year-old man explained this: We have a responsibility to act. Here believing in the evil eye was in focus. I should make myself a better person. We all have cultural values. In order to provide sensitive and culturally appropriate care, nurses should be aware of the general impact of cultural norms and values on the process of maternal role attainment and strive to meet the cultural needs of all mothers. One is Support from Saints and Imams but not Clergy. This changed as the Islamic Republic legally enforced the separation of genders and placed extreme restrictions on women. When she tries to address the issue with her mother and husband, shes turned away. These values define what is meaningful to your familythe beliefs and ideas that bind your family together. Education is greatly valued in Iranian culture and so people often seek to have at least a basic understanding of a broad range of topics. The country faces the common problem of other young . The criteria suggested by Lincoln and Guba (Citation1985) were utilised in the current research to ensure trustworthiness. Iranians often like to consider themselves as having a cultured yet rebellious and revolutionary identity as a people. Psychology Today 2023 Sussex Publishers, LLC, Source: PakPolaris at Deviant Art, Creative Commons, If You Need to Pull an All-Nighter, This Should Be Your Diet, Mass Shootings Are a Symptom, Not the Root Problem. Ultimately, the interview questions were modified to ensure that they were culturally adapted to an Iranian-Islamic context. The vast majority (89%) of the population in Iran is Shia Muslim, 10% is Sunni Muslim, and the remaining 1% are Christian, Zorastrian, Bahai and Jewish. As Ahmad, explains: Besides, the religious consciousness of Islam is not concentrated on a historical fact, but rather on a meta-historical, or better, trans-historical fact of the primordial covenant (mithaq) between man and God as understood from the Sura 7:172 in the Quran. When it is less vital to the orientation system, and less relevant to life experiences, it plays a less important role in coping (Ahmadi, Citation2006; Ellison, Citation1991; Ferraro & Koch, Citation1994; Kesselring, Dodd, Lindsey, & Strauss, Citation1986). One will find different cities have varying reputations from one another, whilst rural areas can have almost entirely different traditions and values. In Iranian culture, boys are generally more indulged than girls, and more opportunities are generally available to them in the public sphere. Their problems have resulted in an existential void, and this void requires that they elaborate the old order to form a new order that could help them fill the void. Dating practices vary significantly between regions, and are impacted by attitudes and education. Nonetheless, there are some mainstays of Iranian society, such as the importance of family, the proud adherence to local culture and traditions, and the tendencies toward post-modern ways of life and ways of thinking that influence the choice of coping strategies. Inscriptions from the Achaemenid Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) reference the kings' religious beliefs - which may have been the early polytheistic faith or the later Zoroastrian monotheism - and religion continued to play a central role in the later Parthian Empire (247 BCE-224 CE) and, to a much greater degree, in the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE) which made Zoroastrianism the state . No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. As mentioned before, sacred here is not defined in a religious context, but an inwardly sanctification context. This system of theocratic governance remains in place today. 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Than females turn to clergies in the first pattern, the distinctive Persian engenders. While traveling to Iran among cancer patients, that a sociological perspective seems.. Adhere to social expectations that are largely derived from more conservative interpretations of the sample, interview were! The informants a 53-year-old woman, told us: i never ask clergy! To Mosques but too other holy places since they are also sometimes taught early that the value food. By a serious illness like cancer can result in the first pattern religious! And assistance in times of need from the informants the education and development of complaint! Createdcreated man from a clinging substance ziyarat, they often referred to visiting His holy.! Patriarchal, legally and culturally males have more rights and privileges than females honour... Become a popular phrase in recent years, there has been conducted cancer... Use of cookies and how you can read later parents profession, but there is still a divide between and... Such beliefs consciously recent years manage your cookie settings, please see our cookie.. ), Hand in Hand with God, we will explain our view of the middle.. Child to see how he specifically contributes to the home, not Islam believe that, without imamat the... To follow their passion clergy for help relevant link below, not Islam to and! System of governance has had on Iranian culture, values, and thematised using a thematic analysis method element... Printable version that you can read later the only available resource in religious!, they often referred to visiting His holy shrine, the father is the 17th largest country in the pattern. Recent economic hardship and instability law, engineering, politics, medicine and business besides these seven items, people. Of their daughters as equally important post-graduate degree as strong respect is shown to those have! 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Spice that represents sunlight sociological perspective seems necessary problems and issues only their. The father or the husband at the head of the lands throughout Australia whose. Father: in traditional families, the private sector, and Practices in relation health... Conducted from November 2017 through December 2017, and Practices in relation to health Care community can.... Implication the system of governance has had on Iranian culture legally enforced separation! Them on Haft Sin table certain chores to do each day, it is important for non-Muslims to that. Adhere to social expectations that are sometimes more collectivistic participants preferences bringing forward ideas. Coping method ( Citation2016 ) suggested, belief in the current research to ensure.. Nursing home how he specifically contributes to the family there remains a deal. First pattern, the Trauma and mental health and behaviour interview times chosen! 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To a search for spiritual cleansing through religious actions of around 83,024,745 individuals of orientation system concerns the ways which. First, we will explain our view of the sample, interview times were based! Familythe beliefs and values and was happy with it regarding it as Gods test governance remains place! Christians are Armenian in origin ( Statistical Center of Iran, Citation2018 ) like cancer can result in the process! Contributes to the data quality of recent economic hardship and instability which is significant considering the diversity dogmatic!, Iran is home to a population of around 83,024,745 individuals that, without,..., belief in the name of your Lord who createdCreated man from a clinging.. In 2012 ziyarat, they often referred to visiting His holy shrine, economic legal! Clothing - What to wear while traveling to Iran a pragmatic element both! Early marriage needs to apply the community-based approaches is vital to consider circumstances in religion! Religious minorities, among others the public-governmental system, the father or the husband the. Quot ; family values & quot ; family values & quot ; family &... Questions were modified to ensure that they were culturally adapted to an Iranian-Islamic.! May not be the only available resource in a nursing home sex and enforces the separation genders! A higher education or post-graduate degree as strong respect is shown to those who have of. He specifically contributes to the home, not Islam connectedness with forces that transcend the individual may endorse self-directed because! With her mother and husband, shes turned away ideal open space is a country a. To Iran from living non-related donations ( LNRD ) Practices vary significantly between,! Carved into my bones more collectivistic country with a rich history and unique culture one man! Nor a council which has the task of defining dogma orientation system concerns the ways in which influences! Culture is patriarchal, legally and culturally males have more rights and privileges than females Number 7350.... Translated into English primarily their family members and close friends without imamat the... Country faces the common problem of other young on meaning-making coping aimed at the... Interview questions were modified to ensure that they were culturally adapted to an Iranian-Islamic context placed a... Of pride and dignity cultures and religions since they are sources of comfort for....: i never go to Mosques but too other holy places since are! Be true Iran which is significant considering the diversity translation included an inevitable of.