Born in 1942 in the mountain town of Bikfaiya, Bouchebel shared a home with his five siblings, parents, grandparents, aunts, and uncles. The family of the deceased only prints 30 death notices instead of 200 for 200,000 Lebanese pounds," he said. [31] It is like entering a village. Make-up is not traditionally used. There is a special seat, the hands and arms of which are made of gold, placed there for the convenience of the faqih who recites the Quran. [3] Italics added by the author. Some of the influencers of Lebanese culture are Phoenicians, Assyrians, Romans, Ottoman Turks, Greeks, Persians, Arabs, and . Everybody knows this is the casket of so-and-so and so-and-so. Food is crucial. Then the Angel of Death takes the soul of the infidel, and having taken it, the angels do not allow it to remain with him even for the twinkling of an eye, but they take it in the sackcloth, and a disagreeable smell issues from the soul, like that of the most fetid carcass that can be met with upon the face of the earth. This has nothing to do with painful emotions, the attribution of which to Allahexalted be Hewould not be fitting. The meaning of disinclined when used in reference to Allahs relations with a man is that Allah puts the man far from His mercy, and wills his punishment. Other basic sources are Hughes Dictionary of Islam, the Encyclopedia of Islam, and my own personal experiences and observations. The katb Al-kitaab is the marriage ceremony. Allah has said: Then wish for death if ye are those who speak truth. But they will never wish for it because of what their hands have sent forward. This is your day that you were promised., He will ask, And who are you? to which [the man] will reply, I am your evil deeds, whereat he will say, O Lord, let not the hour arrive. [9] A common habit among Middle Eastern people. I know not., Thereupon a herald cries from heaven: He has given my servant [Muhammed] the lie. A firm belief in life after death is a foundational truth in Islam. Then he raised his head and said twice or thrice to his companions, Seek the protection of God from the punishments of the grave., After that he said, Verily, when a Muslim separateth from the world and bringeth his soul to futurity, angels descend to him from the celestial regions, whose faces are white. 63, we find that: If God were to punish men for their wrongdoing, He would not leave on the earth a single living creature; but he respites them until a stated time; and when their time comes they cannot delay it an hour, nor can they hasten it. The memorial service her friends created a few days after his death, she says, contained a blend of traditions and practices individual to Jon. It is related that there is no soul, innocent or wicked, to which death is not a good thing. The women hit their cheeks very hard until others stare, because it is believed that a woman who does not hit her cheeks hard and scream loudly doesnt love the dead person or lacks interest in him. I know not., They ask, Well, what do you say about this man who was sent [on a mission] among you? But again he replies, Alas! Death. If the mother of the deceased is present, she says, The milk with which I suckled thee I freely bestow on thee; but this is primarily a custom in India. Home; Our Practice; Services; What to expect. In all cases, the death of an American citizen, whether resident or tourist in Lebanon, should be reported to the Embassy's Consular Section in Beirut. "After the war, and after the emigration, people are no more attached to . The dead have a home, or a semi-home at least. VIRTUAL BEREAVEMENT: HOW THE LEBANESE USE FACEBOOK TO EXPRESS GRIEF A Thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanties at Notre Dame University-Louaize In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master in Media Studies - Advertising by CYNTHIA GEORGES AZZI JULY 2019 Black - sombre mourning. In Western cultures, black clothing was worn as a social symbol to let others know a person was mourning. Doesnt he look wonderful? These and other things were said in a joyful spirit. This was considered a "bad death.". It is clearly taught in the Quran, which is read by several hundred million Muslims all over the globe, that The hour of death is fixed for every living creature. There are many references in the Holy Quran about death. One such ritual is henna night, where the bride's hands are decorated with intricate henna designs. Source: The Internet. [29] We dont know why, but the body is immediately placed in a casket. Then, said the Prophet, it comes forth, flowing as easily as a drop from a water-skin, whereupon [those angels] take it, not leaving it in his hand more than the twinkling of an eye ere they take it, [wrap it] in the aforementioned shroud and aromatics so that the odor from it is more redolent than the finest musk to be found on the face of the earth, and mount up with it. We went out with the Apostle of Allah [to join] the funeral procession on a man from the Ansar. The woman brings a group with their drums, and they begin to eulogize the beautiful characteristics of the deceased. [8] For this reason the Prophet said that the sooner a good man is buried, the more quickly he will reach heaven. Likewise, a healthy person can carry effectively through matters which concern his property or his person; therefore, a healthy person ought to seize the opportunity his health gives him to be diligent in using his property and his body for doing deeds of obedience. When Buddhism arrived in Japan, there were changes in the world of the dead. We know something about the people of the Middle East, but we are not well acquainted with certain important cultural patterns of that area. In a firmly established practice of The World of Music, high-profile guest editors are invited to design issues and see them through the entire preparation process. Evidence of funeral dances continued into the Thirtieth Dynasty more than 3,000 years later. #1 The Value of the Cup. On the fortieth day, regardless of whether you are Muslim or Christian, the ritual begins again. Cake Cutting with a Sword. In Judaism, life is valued above almost all else.The Talmud notes that, since all mankind is descended from a single person, taking a life is like destroying an entire world while saving a life is like saving an entire world.. Death, however, is not viewed as a tragedy, even when it occurs early in . [26] These are Munkar and Nakir, the blue-eyed questioners of the dead. Who is a dying man? A camel symbolizes wealth among the villagers and when a camel dies naturally or disappears, its a great loss. To us the whole idea is entirely different. Why do we remain in mourning for at least forty days? Jean Bouchebel. Another thing that can vary across cultures is the beliefs about embalming. 2. When death comes near a believer, God gives him a spirit of resignation, and so it is that there is nothing which a believer likes so much as death.. Osiris reigned in the world of the dead over the ka or soul of the dead. Homes, sometimes very strange, and no doubt inspired by the tombs of the pharaohs are built. For Muslims, burial is very simple, the same from Nasser to Sadat to the man in the street. Pre-Wedding Rituals. Thus he takes it, but it is not in his hand more than the twinkling of an eye ere [those angels] take it, put it in the hair-cloth where the odor from it is like the stench of a decomposing carcass. Whenever a believer comes to die a messenger of good tidings (bashir) [18] will appear, bringing to him from Allahexalted be Henews of the good to which he is going, so there will be nothing for which he has greater loving desire than for the meeting with Allahexalted be Heand Allah will have a loving desire to meet with him. They dig a hole in the earth to contain the water used in the washing and to keep it from spreading over a large surface, as some men and women consider it bad to tread on such water. While there are a number of variations, the Orthodox funeral generally consists of three Services. At this point the Apostle of Allah recited this verse (vii 40/38): The gates of heaven will not be opened for them, nor will they enter the Garden till a camel passes through a needles eye. It is an expression in Egypt similar to the American idea of visiting the dead with flowers. When we go as Americans or Europeans, we focus our attention on movements, tourist attractions, etc., but we seldom care to see or investigate how the Middle Eastern people respond to death and dying. The body cannot even stay overnight. Blessed is he to whom Allah gives provision of understanding, rouses from the slumber of heedlessness, and leads to ponder over the matter of his end. Some women who are particular in these matters are afraid even to venture near the place where the body has been washed. Family Structure: . 801-422-6975. The Lebanese socialise around meals for long periods of time. 10 Customs Only Lebanese People Will Understand. As the pharaohs disappeared in Egyptian history, they were replaced by descendants of other ancient Egyptians called the Copts. Each issue focuses on a specific topic. The deceased is taken from the board and placed in the hole. They said: What is this? [10] This has reference to washing the body of the deceased. O Lord, let not the hour arrive. . People are never buried underground. However, that can sometimes be overwhelming and having a baby is definitely one of those times. After cleansing, the body is dressed (usually in the person's best clothing). Muhammed). So a youth in the period of his youthfulness ought to become accustomed to doing good deeds and then doing good deeds will be easy for him when he becomes old. The late Ayatollah Fadlallah, a . By Allah, O Muhammed, if any of the family starts screaming when I am taking a mans spirit, I say, What is this screaming? 5. They ask him, Who is your Lord? and he replies, Alas, I know not., They ask him, And what is your religion? to which he again replies, Alas! Maroun blames Lebanon's long civil war (1975-1990) and ensuing exodus from the country for the Lebanese loss of traditions. After the wedding, the bride would carry a piece of dough and stick it on the door of the house. The family was standing in line, friends were also standing in line, so I stood in line. Aboriginal mortuary rites in Australia. As for the unbeliever, when he draws near his end, angels come to him with a cloth of hair in which are coals of fire. To be honest, I expected to see the family of the deceased crying and screaming as in the Middle Eastern culture. So the Prophet said, Go and put in practice what that involves, then come and I will teach you of the wonders of learning.. In Muslim funerals, giving flowers to the family may vary depending on Muslim sects. Let us go back to the days of the pharaohs of ancient Egypt. It is said to be a place in the uppermost heaven where the record of the righteous is kept. When he is about to expire, any learned reader of the Quran is sent for and requested to repeat, with a loud voice, Surat Ya Sin (or Chapter 36 in the Quran), in order that the spirit of the man, by the hearing of its sound, may experience an easy concentration. In this, it provides scholars from a multiplicity of academic backgrounds a forum for the discussion of musics from around the world, their dynamics and their many meanings, manifested in a variety of ever changing forms ranging from highly particular and localized systems of musical thinking in traditional musics to global (musical) cultural flows and consumption. While most people want the body to be embalmed in the US and Canada if there will . The sheer diversity of culture has made for an interesting group of people living together in one place. Immediately after death a family member contacts one of these women. The right hand is then placed on top of the left. 17 we learn that death is not a single thing: According to the Traditions, as depicted by Hughes account, [1] Muhammed was taught that it is sinful to wish for death: According to Islamic tradition, one day the Prophet said: Whosoever loves to meet God, God will love to meet him, and whosoever dislikes to meet God, God will dislike to meet him. Symbolism. There Allah says, Write its record in cIlliyun [25] and return it to the earth from which I created men, into which I make them return, and out of which I shall bring them a second time. (Sura, xx, 55/57), The spirit is then returned to its body, whereupon two angels [26] come to it and ask it, Who is the Lord?, Then they say, And what say you about this man who was sent [on a mission] among you?, And it answers, He is the Apostle of Allah., And it answers, I have read Allahs Book, believed it, and in it put my trust., Then a herald will call: He has believed My servant (i.e. His spirit comes forth as easily as a hair from a batch of dough, and hears the words: O tranquil soul, return to your Lord, well-pleasing and well-pleased. It's also important to prepare the body for the funeral as quickly as possible. [31] There is no serious research on the burial customs of the Copts in Egypt. Syrian culture is greatly influenced by its high population of Sunni Muslims. Then the angels carry it upwards, and they do not pass by any concourse of angels who say, What is this pure soul and who is the owner of it?. [27] Sura LXXXIII, 79; in Arabic it means prison.. After sunset, all the clan stand outside the tent on chairs, there receiving the condolences of others. 1860 Mount Lebanon civil war. Hopefully this will serve to give you a better understanding of ways in which the traditions of the Middle East differ from those practiced in the United States, particularly among the Mormon people. These women are very fiery and emotional. After shrouding is completed, these shreds are tied on the body: one band above the head, a second below the feet, and a third about the chest, leaving six or seven fingers breadth of cloth above the head and below the feet to permit the ends to be fastened. First, a smoking ceremony is held in the loved one's living area to drive away their spirit. Islamic mourning rituals, which vary slightly by sect and location, provide comfort and strength for the family. By Allah, O Muhammed, did I desire to take the spirit of a gnat I could not do it till Allah gave me commandment to take it., It is related that the Apostle of Allah said: Did the animals [i.e. Why do we cry and scream for at least a year? If he should be one who has memorized somewhat of the Quran, the light of that will suffice him, but should he have nothing (of the Quran) memorized, a light equivalent to that of the sun will be put in his grave, and he himself will be like a sleeping bird who will not be wakened save by her best beloved. I located the mortuary and went there. [25] Sura LXXXIII, 1821. A video posted on the Internet shows the stoning of a woman accused of adultery in the Hama area in Syria. In the case of a deceased female, if relatives are present, they undo the cloth of the head to expose the face and ask the dead person, in the presence of two witnesses, to remit the dowry which had been given her. Before the burial, the deceased person's body is washed. A life that has overflown with deviations and misdeeds for El-Marquis is ultimately finalized by bizarre and excessive rituals of a death ceremony and burial. It is opened to them and the chief personages in each heaven receive it and accompany it to that which lies beyond it, till finally they arrive with it at the seventh heaven. Folks used not to go grey in your time., He said: I heard the summons, and I thought it was the resurrection, so out of fear my head and my beard went white., Someone asked: How long have you been dead? and he answered, Four thousand years, yet the anguish of dying [21] has not left me.. I have touched upon the attitudes and customs of various Middle Eastern cultures toward the inevitable mystery of death. During these funeral rites men wear black ties. They wash the corpse with warm or cold water, raising the body gently and rubbing the abdomen four or five times. [6], The moment the spirit has fled, the mouth is closed, because it would present a disagreeable spectacle. They then put some camphor with water into a new large earthen pot and with another new earthen pot they take out water and pour it on the body three times: first from the head to the feet, then from the right shoulder to the feet, finally from the left shoulder to the feet. Typically, people say prayers and scriptures during a wake, and often, they share special memories . These family reunions in the cemetery house are often festive occasions, not gloomy funeral reminders. However, what was even more shocking to me was the spirit in which the family received me. On your leisure before you are busily occupied, means that by night one is at leisure but by day is busily occupied, therefore one ought to say prayers at night during the period of his leisure and fast by day. Nowadays in the Middle East the family of the deceased goes to the grave carrying a palm tree leaf to put on the grave instead of flowers. Then angels follow it through each heaven, the angel of one heaven to those of the next, and so on till it reaches the seventh heaven, when God says, Write the name of my servant in cIlliyun, and return him towards the earth, that is, to his body which is buried in the earth, because I have created man from earth and return him to it, and will bring him out from it again as I brought him out at first., Then the souls are returned into their bodies, when two angels [Munkar and Nakir] come to the dead man and cause him to sit up, and say to him, Who is the Lord?, Then they say, What is this man who is sent to you? (i.e., the Prophet), Then they say, What is your proof of his mission?, He says, I read the book of God and believed in it, and I proved it to be true., Then a voice calls out from the celestial regions, My servant hath spoken true, therefore throw for him a bed from Paradise, and dress him in clothes from Paradise, [2] and open a door for him towards Paradise., Then peace and perfumes come for him from Paradise, and his grave is enlarged for him as far as the eye can see. In the video, an official from the Islamic State is shown administering the proceedings, at the . Based on the words and actions of the Prophet Muhammad and originated in the 7th century A.D., Islam is a monotheistic faith based on the act of submission to the will of Allah. The two great toes are brought in contact and fastened with a thin strip of cloth to keep the legs together. Coffee is offered, and its a must to partake. [16]. The Christians of the Middle East are a minority group. The World of Music Beirut and Damascus, Syria. Most people lie insensible and cannot even speak, but the pious retain their mental faculties and converse till the very end. Unfortunately, Apple's iOS doesn't support home screen shortcuts in the Chrome browser. If not, the marriage will is going up a slippery slope, so to speak. Religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism believe a body should be cremated to free the soul. Instead of a casket, a flat board platform is used, held up by four assigned pallbearers and four volunteers. 7981. This tradition symbolizes good luck and protection for the couple's future together. What about Pre-Islamic Egyptian beliefs and practices concerning death? [1] Hughes' Dictionary of Islam (London, 1885), 7981. The aim of this paper is to explore the representations of death in Beirut Hellfire Society, a novel written by the Lebanese author, Rawi Hage, and published in 2018. . The Prophet spoke clearly about the distress and bitterness of dying as a word of wholesome advice to his community. Where you go in the afterlife depends on how well you followed Islamic religious codes during your life. #4558 | 04:58. Clothe him in a celestial garment, open for him a door giving on the Garden through which may come to him its breezes and its aroma, and expand his grave for him as far as eye can reach., Then there approaches him a sweet-smelling man of handsome countenance, who says to him: Good tidings of that which please you. I have relied on these latter books through this presentation, but I have not sought to cite page numbers in every instance, except when quoting from passages in the Quran. Each Egyptian burial was made out to be an exact duplicate of the god-burial. It went in a second time, beheld the light, saw the whole dwelling and said, There is no pleasing sound here for me to listen to. It is generally understood from the best works of the mystics of the East that it was because of this circumstance that the Almighty created music. Then the Just and Most Holy God illuminated the body of Adam with lamps of light and commanded the spirit to re-enter. If the individual died in the evening, the shrouding and burial take place before midnight; if he died at a later hour, he is buried early the next morning. The World of Music is an international peer-reviewed journal seeking a critical understanding of performing arts and cultural practices involving music, dance and theater worldwide, as well as the many contexts in which they come into being. The Druze numbered more than 1,000,000 in the early 21st century . Those invited for dinner are expected to remain all evening, and it would be inappropriate to leave directly after the meal. system, an inner piety or disposition, or ritual practices (Wulff, 1997). Traditionally, the wake is a time for family and friends to keep vigil or watch over the body of a loved one prior to the funeral. The funerals are followed by the condolences () which happen in the church saloon (right next to the church). The Coptic or Christian cemetery is really amazing. Although religious activity and behaviors (e.g., prayer) are not consistently associated with less death anxiety or grief, the integrity of specific religious beliefs may play a greater role (Fortner, Neimeyer, & Rybarczyk, 2000). It is of no consequence if a colored cloth is spread over the bier. Druze. The sooner the sepulchral rites are performed, the better; for it is not proper to keep a corpse long in the house. Flowers in the Middle East are still considered a sign of joy, but a palm leaf is not so joyful. But when the Angel of Death has taken the soul of a servant of God, he resigns it to his assistants, in whose hands is a shroud, and they put it into the shroud with perfumes, and a fragrance issues from the soul like the smell of the best musk that is to be found on the face of the earth. Family members console each other and the minister or priest offers a prayer and the family gives the priest a little money. When he said: On your life before you die, he means that so long as man is alive he is capable of works, but when he is dead there is an end to his works. First, there is usually a vigil service, which may also be referred to as a wake or a rosary service. Dying is widely connected with religious and philosophical beliefs, and with elaborate rituals. [20] I.e., they would be so terrified that they would always be thin and lean. principles of language teaching ppt; best hvac systems 2020 consumer reports When Muhammed made the statement above, people responded, But, O Apostle of Allah, we are all disinclined to die. He answered: That is not disinclination. The house even has a kitchen, living rooms, and bedrooms. The predominant religion is Islam. There is another interesting sign of death and dying in the Middle East. 1986 Florian Noetzel GmbH Verlag That population is at an increased risk for several diseases and faces many barriers to accessing the American health care system. There is a most serious religious rule amongst Muslims that if there is a desire for the dying person to repeat the Kalimah, and the sick man expires without being able to do so, his faith is considered dubious, and the man who directed him to repeat the Kalimah incurs guilt. Spread for him a bed from the fire, clothe him in fire, open for him a door giving on the fire, through which its heat and smoke may enter to him and contract his grave so that his ribs pile on one another., Then there approaches him a man, ugly of countenance, ill dressed and foul smelling, who says to him, Receive tidings of that which will grieve you. 7,000-25,000. It is no longer considered shameful not to hold a formal funeral and serve food after the burial due to the financial situation and COVID-19 restrictions. But when he was eight years old, his father . On another occasion the Prophet said: Then he himself began to relate and said: Once there was a group of the Children of Israel who as they were walking along came presently to a graveyard. This is all he says, and its purport obviously is that loving desire is an attribute of Allah, and a humans loving desire for his Lord springs from it and is a reflection, like the reflection of water on a wall. At this point [the Prophet] recited (xxii, 31/32): He who associates anything with Allah will be as though he fell from the sky and the birds snatched him away and the winds blew him to some remote place., So his spirit is returned to his body, whereupon two angels come and sit by him. If you are not a good man on earth, you will go to hell. It is believed that one must be clean before entering the Kingdom of Heaven. [Go on] to the mercy and favor of Allahexalted be He.. When a true believer is placed in his grave, the grave is expanded for him seventy cubits, strewn with sweet basil, and hung with silk. # # #_ #_ . Preparation of the Body. There must be no waiting. She is saying, "Oh, my camel.". When the faqih pauses in his recitations, one group moves on and as he resumes, another group comes in. Further at Sais, the suffering of Osiris was enacted yearly and images of Osiris were filled with grain and placed with the dead person as symbols of fertility and eternal life. The closer you are to a person, the more acceptable it is to decline their offers of tea, coffee, food, etc. After the body is bathed and wiped dry with a new piece of cloth, it is placed in the shrouds. Wedding Ceremony Traditions 3. There is segregation in Egyptian funeral rites. This tent stays up for three days and then is dismantled. Before shrouding the body, the family tears shreds from the clothes. Dirt is thrown over him and burial is complete. [33]. Victoria was born in 1958, five years before Kenyan independence. In Islam, the deceased are to be buried within 24 hours. [4] Reminiscent of the words of Jesus in the New Testament, Mark 10:25. The woman who cries this is the wife of the dead man. This article investigates the relationship be-tween grief and music in the context of the Lebanese village funeral, taking into They spend Christmas and Easter in the tomb sitting in the home. When the women scream and slap their faces, you will probably hear one wordyagamiliOh, my camel. The woman who cries this is the wife of the dead man. When the family visits the house, they prepare rahmah. We have not come before his time. As in Jewish customs of burial, the deceased must be buried immediately. Underneath the house is the basement where the caskets are lined up. The bride and the groom stomp on the feet of the guests to signify the end of their single days. [12] A white sheet of cloth to cover the lower parts of the body. Dinki-Mini. A person sitting next to the body reads from the Koran. Then the Angel of Death draws it out as hot spit is drawn out of wet wool. I have had personal experience with many of these. You have a 40 day long visiting frenzy instead of a maternity leave. 1. They do not require the patient to read it himself, since at that time he is in a state of distress and not in a fit state of mind to repeat the Kalimah. They must go on that day, carrying with them palm branches and palm leaves. Even in rural areas, only certain women can go with the procession. In certain cultures the family takes care of the washing but in the Middle East, the family cannot even touch the body. Some brides in Baalbek stick a piece of dough on the doors of their new houses. Katb Al-kitaab. I trust, in this presentation, that you have received some valuable insights into death and dying as it relates to Egypt, Islam, and the Coptic faith. But such a procession lets everyone know that a funeral is taking place. A Then Ayishah said: Truly we all dislike death and consider it a great affliction. The Prophet replied: Thou dost not understand me. With one's hand over the other's, they slice into the cake with a ceremonial sword. When his spirit has been drawn forth and placed in the musk and sweet basil, the silk cloth is folded and sent with it to cIllyun. I wanted, of course, to express my condolences to him but learned that such condolences are expressed in a mortuary. Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Hezbollah, Lebanon's largest Shia party, has denounced the ritual of self-harm and urged people to donate their blood instead. Take turns at reading from the Quran via a tablet or if you are able to be by the bedside. The shroud for men is a special set of burial clothes: first, a lungi or izar [12] that reaches from the navel to the knees or ankle joints; second, a qamis or kurta or alfa, [13] that hangs from the neck to the knees or ankles; third, a lifafah [14] or sheet that extends above the head to below the feet. Then they sit from the dead as far as the eye can see, after which the Angel of Death comes in order to sit at his head and says, O impure soul! Jeffery also reports that the Prophet once said that He who is disinclined to meet with Allah is one whom Allah is disinclined to meet. 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Muslim funerals, giving flowers to the mercy and favor of Allahexalted be Hewould lebanese death rituals be fitting, yet anguish.