Therefore with the enormous power conferred on the governments in each state, they can easily acquire or seize land in the name of public good and repossess it as private property for their personal aggrandizement. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. Also the Project Director, Arctic Infrastructure (AI), Mr. Lookman Oshodi, observed that in a city like Lagos where the per square kilometre of land available to a resident is relatively small, physical development is in spread form and cohesive approach to organise the city is not adequate, leading to competition over space which gives the outlook of the winner takes all. These areas are usually port or coastal locations that attract people from other parts of the world. For example, one Francis Ajagun who used to rake in N3,000 daily from fishing said that the reclamation exercise has cut off the main source of daily bread from him, noting that since the activity started, he has not earned a dime; and this makes life very frustrating for him, his wife and three kids. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. Sites T1, T2 and T3 are the end, middle and mouth of the sand fill area. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). It also makes it mandatory for proponents of all new major developments to carry out EIAs on their proposed projects. Government budget refers to an annual financial statement that denotes its anticipated expenditure and expected revenue generation in a fiscal year. Logging activities destroys plant cover along the coast and creates a passage for people to enter to hunt for rare animals or harvest wild plant species. These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. ( See also city; urban planning .) "Land reclamation kills mangroves, seagrass and corals. Section 1(1) of the Nigerian Minerals and Mining Act, 2007 gives the federal government ownership and . On its right is the popular Isale Eko, an. Dredged and sand filled areas in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. They engage in it with a view to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads construction and other activities. In fact, the fear being nursed is that some of those areas face the threats of being submerged if the massive reclamation is not halted. Cities such as Guangzhou (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Mombasa (Kenya), Osaka (Japan), Singapore, Conakry (Guinea), and Adelaide (Australia), whose pre-reclamation elevation is less than <2 m + MSL, are especially vulnerable to increased magnitude and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding. By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. In October 2021, DEC prepared, . Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). It is noteworthy that Songo International Business District also in South Korea which is reputed to be the largest private development in the country is built on a reclaimed land in the area of Incheon waterfront. Exploratory activities bring about the reclamation of coastal lands for the purpose of laying pipelines. Narrating their ordeal to Premium Times last year, the residents whose hope of economic survival has been tampered with, have tales of woe to tell concerning their awful experience. Political Map of Nigeria Map based on a UN map. 2002 NYS Reclamation award . Ibidun Adelekan, claimed further in its article Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos that the present development of the Lekki Peninsula has been embarked upon with little or no consideration for sea-level rise, arguing that this trend poses serious risks of flooding. Land reclamation involves developing and implementing a reclamation plan that considers and . It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. Leakage of diesel oil from heavy duty machines such as bulldozers and trucks also pollutes the soil. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. The dumping of dredged soil on mangrove vegetation smothers the plants and increases the heavy metal concentration of the soil [3]. I have spent so much fixing my boats and engines in the last two months because they keep getting stuck in the mud.. Abuja, a planned city in the centre of the country, has been the official capital of Nigeria since 1991, although some government offices remain in Lagos, the former capital. Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. The Land Reclamation practice area is a multidisciplinary practice that involves understanding site characteristics, desired land use outcomes and stakeholder considerations with the objective of developing a functional predetermined end land use. Thus the removal of vegetation loosens the soil and makes it susceptible to the force of erosion. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. The Abandoned Mine Land (AML) section is a part of the department's Land Reclamation Program which also administers Missouri's reclamation laws for active mines. At about 345 people per square mile, it is also the most densely populated country in Africa. Gabriel Martinelli starred as Arsenal moved five points clear at the top of the Premier League with a 4-0 rout of struggling Everton on Wednesday. Home > During exploration the coast is first dredged, cleared of vegetation and reclaimed in other to create a plat form for mounting pillars that carry oil pipelines and well heads. Together the system of management is called ecosystem management, which is a way of managing reserve to benefit biodiversity and people. Despite the negative consequences of coastal land reclamation to aquatic species, it can add some economic value if used for non-intrusive agricultural activities. I have this example for you. The system of reclaiming land can be achieved through various methods. Contact our London head office or media team here. Others include the ongoing construction on the sand-filled former marshy area, renamed Golden View Estate, Ejigbo, along Ejigbo/Ikotun road by Cele-Egbe Bridge, the 100-hectare Gracefield Island to accommodate over 10,000 residents in Lagos Lagoon, the controversial 45-hectare Apple Island project, as well as reclamation activities in Lekki and Ajah areas. red, white and black mangroves) and seeds of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis. By doing that, the aquatic nature of the area will be disrupted and there are aquatic animals living in the sea, Afegbua added. Habitats and ecosystems occurring between the oceans surface (pelagic) as well as the ocean floor (benthic) are the first victims during dredging and sand filling operations. Speaking during an interview with Punch, the state Commissioner for Information and Strategy, Kehinde Bamigbetan said that the Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA report on the project had taken care of future negative impact on the environment, adding that the Lagos state government, as a responsible government, carried out comprehensive EIA before embarking on massive land reclamation going on in the coastal areas of the state. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. However, experts said, the exploitation of land and dredging for construction works in Lagos, pose a great threat to the growth of the city, especially with the fast erosion of the shorelines due to higher water levels caused by climate change. Land in the Niger Delta area is in large demand because of traditional and cultural beliefs attached to the possession of land [1]. Probably half of The Netherlands is a reclaimed land from the sea. This will however, take 1020years to stabilize. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. It is business on the part of those doing it because poor people dont benefit from the houses being built on the reclaimed land. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. Along the coast, the average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm. In the Niger Delta area many people prefer building their houses close to the river because of the serene environment, for example the land and sea breeze that flow into the area. Reclamation can be defined as the chemical or physical manipulation carried out in severely degraded sites, such as open pit mines, abandoned crude oil well or large-scale construction site [6, 7]. I see nothing wrong in sand filling or perhaps reclaiming land from the sea. Cultural activity such as fish farming results in the reclamation of coastal areas and the balkanization of river tributaries. The surrounding coastal area that was dredged and reclaimed was twice the existing land surface. Imperial City is also a new reclaimed land that covers about 200 hectares of land at the back of Lekki Phase one. These areas dominate the hinter land and are often reclaimed and sand filled to expand their economic potential. residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). Similarly, the intertidal or littoral ecosystems, which are areas where the ocean meets the land face destruction during landscape reclamation. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. In a preliminary study conducted in the sand dredged area, soil samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis at three sites (T1, T2 and T3) from the back of the sand filled area to the entrance of the sand fill area (Figure 8). The cost of land appreciates and has no depreciative value. Answer this Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. Concrete bases are constructed on this platform to carry the pipes from the drilling point, which may be at an off-shore or on-shore site to the refinery. Land reclamation requires heavy construction work, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, continuous operation . In the wake of bubonic plaque that was experienced in Lagos in July 1924, the colonial government decided to enact Lagos Town Planning Ordinance in 1928. The causes of land reclamation in the Niger Delta are grouped into two: (1) direct and (2) indirect causes. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. It is often carried out in areas experiencing space constraints such as coastal cities or to increase the availability of agricultural land. Abia (state) Aba Arochukwu Umuahia Adamawa (state) Jimeta Mubi Numan Yola Akwa Ibom (state) Ikot Abasi Ikot Ekpene Oron Uyo Anambra (state) Awka Onitsha Bauchi (state) Azare Bauchi Jamaare Katagum Land reclamation is gradually posing negative impact on man due to unplanned urbanization. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. The proposed reclamation in Penang island is reflective of a market-driven redevelopment - a common global trend which aims to transform any disorderly and substandard areas into modern, organised urban spaces fit for capital accumulation. This is a natural ecological restoration. This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. The provisions of the EIA Act No. UNITED KINGDOM, Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left, Reasons for land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Impact of land reclamation on mangrove and coastal environment, Impact of landscape reclamation on marine ecosystem, The role of human ecology in land reclamation. Oshodi, who was the immediate past vice chairman, Lagos branch of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP), said since the green-fields are shrinking within the city, water-bodies would continue to attract various development interests. The method is mostly regarded as the simplest one. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . Findings reveal that major reclamation projects in the city include, the Eko Atlantic city project, expected to accommodate 250, 000 inhabitants. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Sand mining is a thriving business in this area, which is done without proper environmental impact assessment or feasibility study. The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. This leads to the impairment of the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the reclaimed area. This method is suitable for granular fill. For instance, sand filling of a town named Buguma in the Niger Delta, Nigeria increased economic land at the detriment of the mangrove forest and other coastal species. Metro Land Reclamation: Safety concerns of a sand-filled Lagos July 16, 2014 BY ChARLES KUMOLU LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. This is a situation where rivers near ports are expanded to accommodate large ocean going ships. One of the experts that have called on the Lagos state government to soft-pedal on the reclamation exercise is a former Surveyor General of the Federation, Peter Nwilo. Continuous mining leads to the deformation of the coast lines and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in extinction of species. Another resident, Owowole Ayante, appealed to the dredging company to halt further project work on the site until a channel is created, adding that this would make members of the community to be able to navigate their boats into the lagoon to fish. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nations commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. A conceptualized reclamation pattern in coastal communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The soil chemistry is also affected by the manures and fertilizers that come from the farm and the waste from fish ponds. More than a thousand acres of land was to be created by building a seawall more than 6km in length with. Majority of the residents of the community deal in fishing business which is thriving. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Over half of Nigeria's population live in rural areas -- 52% to be exact. However, the Lagos state government has allayed the fear that is being raised in some quarters as regards the massive land reclamation across the state. Diamond Island is located at Ilubirin Foreshore Estate and is being done by Lagos state government and a dredging company. White mangroves grow upland while red mangroves grow at the sea shore, so when the former dominate it shows increase in anthropogenic activities. The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. The reason is to increase the land surface area for the purpose of building houses to accommodate more members of the community or establish more infrastructure. The latter is derived from coastal activities such as oil and gas, shipping, fishing, tourism and commerce. It has not been recognized yet that reclamation may change the regional ground water regime, which may in turn modify the coastal environment . It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. Surrounding areas of the swamps are usually dredged and sand-filled to enable it to support the mounting of crude oil well head and the laying of pipelines (Figure 5). The Governors of each states of the federation hold the land in trust for the Federal Government, and are entitled to be the sole signatory of all certificate of occupancy (C of O) before a piece of land is legally owned by an individual or group of individuals. In July 2000, Nigeria's population was estimated at more than 123 million people. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. Land reclamation Boskalis is a global expert in sustainable and cost-competitive land reclamation. The aim is to prevent the destruction of the ecosystem by human activities such as sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. In 1946, Town and Country Planning Ordinance (CAP155) was enacted to make provision for comprehensive planning schemes that would boost economic development in the city through several urban planning activities that included land reclamations. The implication of the influx of activities at the coast is the solidification of the swamps resulting to the gradual loss of biodiversity [11]. The palms are to be bulldozed with swamp buggies, mangrove top soil exported and seedlings planted to start a pioneer species in a mangrove protected area where no landscape reclamation activity occurs (Figure 10). I dont want to say whether it is good or bad for now but we need to be careful because nature will eventually have its way, Faniran warned. The bulldozers that fall the trees and the trucks that evacuate the logs all generate smoke which pollutes the surrounding air leading to poor air quality, and resulting in acid rain. People go as far as buying land in the bottom of the river for the purpose of future reclamation and development. The African Development Bank, Africa Union and Africa50 launched the Alliance during COP27 last November with global partners: the African Union Development Agency, the. Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. On its right is the. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The problem is that mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services to the local people while the palms provide no ecosystem service to the people. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. For instance, oil field that is established in mangrove swamp. The general principle governing land-tenure is that land is common property of the tribe as represented by the chief of the political group. Even the engines of our fishing boat are not spared. Deposited sand is usually evacuated by trucks to buyers. Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region. Such administrative control of the land by the chief is referred to by Some of the biggest cities in Nigeria are looked at below. Oil companies clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations. The gigantic project, like others, is being done as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between Lagos state government and Orange Island Development Company (OIDC). The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. Centralization: these are lands that are regarded as focal points as a result of their economic value. The water channel has to be set up to facilitate interconnectivity. Fast-growing cities in the Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale. Prince Harry and his wife Meghan are being evicted from their home on the British royal family's Windsor estate, a spokesperson said Wednesday, leaving them without a UK base. He explained that such development constrains the free flow of water in its natural direction and alter the flow alignment from the primary drainage channels across the city, leading to widespread flooding even with a little volume of rainfall. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Few cities in the world actively reclaim land at the rate of Hong Kong and Singapore, with the practice deeply woven into each cities' history while also playing a key role in future development. Off-shore dredging also disfigures the sea bottom and destroy benthic organisms. from lands, the diking and draining of tidal marshes, the smoothing and re-vegetation of strip-mine spoil areas [8]. The second example is another site known as Borikiri in the outskirts of Port Harcourt, the capital city of Rivers State. Coastal areas are often favorite sites for establishing industries that need river water to cool turbines. The plants growing on the sand fill area are between 0.5m and 1.0m tall. Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. Agricultural activities can lead to the reclamation of coastal area to establish rice paddies, aquaculture and crop farms. Inflow of river water brought in seeds of different species of mangroves (e.g. For instance, Singapore has planned to expand by 810 hectares; a move that will make the countrys land area one per cent bigger in terms of size. It also involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps. This is the reclamation of a river for the purpose of constructing roads, residential quarters and industries [4]. 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