Brillia is a homeopathic alternative to prescription medication, reducing symptoms of anxiety and ADHD with targeted antibody ingredients for a gentle and impactful approach that works in tandem with the healthy lifestyle habits outlined in our 5-Pillar methodology. This is the fine line every parent, caregiver and teacher must walk with a child struggling with anxiety. other information we have about you. And it's 2 a.m. That's when I really have to filter and not say, 'That is ridiculous. Furthermore, the information reflects the opinions of the author alone and not those of the authors employer or Anxiety.org. Becoming informed regularly about what developmental milestones your child/teen is working toward will offer you empathy and patience. However, if any of these symptoms or behaviors persist, consult with a Psychologist who uses a Cognitive Behavioral approach in treating anxiety. This is no different. You get 300mg of CBD per pen. Keep wake-up time consistent with an alarm clock. Cymbalta (prescribing information). Whatever your doctor or family is telling you, it's a phase nothing more nothing less. What cannabis user hasn't wondered if a little puff would help with a head cold or other common illnesses? Skateboard 6. Anxiety and ADHD, at times, often look very much like each other, and it takes a discerning eye to figure out which one it is. The FDA has approved certain antidepressants for use in children and teenagers for different types of diagnoses. information highlighted below and resubmit the form. In order to ask helpful questions of your child/teen and learn about their stress, parents can benefit from understanding how stress is processed in the body and brain. Parents naturally offer support as they see their child/teen fumble with a situation in which they need help. Create quiet time. Mindfulness Activities for Kids. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/suicidality-children-and-adolescents-being-treated-antidepressant-medications. ". This vaporizer from TrikeTokes looks just like a fancy flip car key. The FDA reported that an extensive analysis of clinical trials showed that antidepressants may cause or worsen suicidal thinking or behavior in a small number of children and teens. If your family doctor has prescribed an SSRI for your child's anxiety, click here. This leads to confidence. Children/Teens and adults alike experience stress. See what our editors can't get enough of this week. We did a lot of practicing up to the point where we created fake vomit, and we were in the bathroom and just pretending to vomit.". These studies have proven Brillias safety and efficacy, showing that children taking Brillia had a significant decrease in the severity of their symptoms compared to placebo and experienced no statistically relevant adverse effects. Select CBD pens are made with hemp CBD and also contain natural essences and fractionated coconut oil. (Peak Extracts is available in select Oregon dispensaries.). The Sativa Hybrid comes in three flavors Grapefruit, Mint, and Blackberry meant to ease anxiety and promote fun. It may seem obvious, but its easy not to notice when all is moving along smoothly. Thirteen-year-olds can have worries related to their newly acquired body changes with puberty. Fundamental understanding about how stress occurs in the body and brain will assist you as you seek input, teach, practice, and offer support for your child/teen. For example, Sarah's parents contacted me, frantically stating that their five-year-old daughter no longer wanted to go to school. These disorders can be difficult and traumatizing both for the children who experience them and for their parents. For example, your child may think that they are not good at math: each day when it's time for a math lesson, your child may complain of stomachache in anticipation. Things can be scary. Practice your plan! Accessed July 7, 2021. You want to personify the anxiety, and so you can almost say, 'You know what, we know that this is our worry brain.' Answer a few questions to find out more. Anxiety and moments of inattention come and go for most kids grappling with new experiences, but there are some signs you should look out for that may indicate a bigger issue. To listen to this episode, play the audio at the top of the page or subscribe here. The G Pen Gio is a futuristic reuseable vape pen with buttonless activation. We recommend finding ways to support pre-teens at home and considering a gentle medication like Brillia first before choosing prescription medication as your first course of action. In addition to guarding your childs/teens quiet time, be certain to carve out your own. Tip. not Brillia is a gentle product but powerful enough to provide results with consistency, so we recommend to give it the full 3 months to see results. If there are high emotions in your household most days, most of the time, then it may be time to consider outside intervention. The discrete vape comes in strains such as Telenovela which as a 1:1 CBD to THC radio and offers "a balanced euphoria that obscures residual aches and underlying anxiety. This black box warning is the strongest safety warning that the FDA can issue about a prescription drug. If you have nowhere to channel that energy, youre 3D pen 15. Symptoms of stress may look differently in children/teens than they do in adults. The views and opinions contained do not necessarily reflect those of SAMHSA, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or the Montana Department of Health and Human Services, and should not be construed as such. All rights reserved. Termsand Conditions|Privacy Policy. Your Email, Confident Parents, Confident Kids Coping Strategies for 5-12. more self-aware, to deepen their social awareness, to exercise their self-management skills, to work on their relationship skills, and to demonstrate and practice responsible decision making. Advertising and sponsorship opportunities. Olanzapine and fluoxetine, combination drug (Symbyax), A detailed review of any potential risk factors your child may have that increase the risk of self-harm, An assessment of whether your child may have another mental illness, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, substance misuse, bipolar disorder, or an anxiety disorder or an eating disorder, An evaluation of whether there's a family history of mental illnesses or suicide, During the first few months of treatment with an antidepressant, When the dosage is increased or decreased, New or worsening anxiety or panic attacks, Increasing sadness or worsening of depression symptoms, Extreme increase in talking, energy or activity. What do I do? greater opportunities for connection, cooperation, and enjoyment; trust in each other that you have the competence to manage your big feelings; and, builds skills in self-control and managing feelings, and. Working with these partners enables Anxiety.org to extend its commitment to its mission. That's OK. We're gonna do it anyway.' While the government is still figuring out how to handle cannabis, do your research to make sure you buy a safe product. Action camera 11. This includes free shipping and our 100% Money back guarantee. Trampoline 7. Design a plan. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. The highest risk of suicidal thinking and behavior occurs: Parents and caregivers should closely observe the child on a daily basis during these transition periods and watch for worrisome changes for the whole time the child takes antidepressants. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Cond Nast. Wildflower crafted an Immunity vaporizer aimed to treat symptoms such as coughs, headaches, and blocked sinuses. Be sure to carefully read the medication guide and package insert, and discuss any questions with the prescribing physician and your pharmacist. They were not sure what had happened or why their daughter was so upset all of a sudden. And some research indicates that suicide rates in children decrease when they take antidepressants. They can be highly sensitive as they work to define their independent identity while still being dependent upon you. She cries daily, has had issues in the past regarding her diet, and is now refusing to talk Age of Your Child Advertising revenue supports our not-for-profit mission. Practice what you can do when you feel you are thinking through the same upsetting thoughts. Children/Teens can experience both mental and physical symptoms such as restlessness, fatigue, irritability, trouble sleeping at night, and stomach and digestive problems. Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited; 2019. https://drizalmasprinkle.com/. Journal of Affective Disorders. In legal states, you can buy vapes that contain both THC and CBD, often in ratios that offer much higher CBD with just a little bit of the psychoactive stuff. WebSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, also known as SSRIs, are the most commonly prescribed medication for anxiety in children and teens. Offers information on managing stress, communicating with kids, making stepfamilies work, controlling anger, finding a psychologist, and more. Open-ended questions help prompt your childs/teens thinking. Tablet for drawing 10. Gaming chair 16. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. According to research, 11 is the median age for the onset of all anxiety disorders. Notice, name, and accept your feelings regularly. Take a look: Now that you've managed to calm down your child, it's time to We heard from lots of parents who say they really struggle to know how to respond when their kids worry about unlikely things especially if the fear is getting in the way of a busy daily routine, maybe a fun family outing or sleep. Find small ways your child/teen is making an effort and let them know you see them. Antidepressants can also be used for other conditions. For many children and teens, antidepressants are an effective way to treat depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder or other mental health conditions. There is a certain way the eyes might look. Careful monitoring by parents, caregivers and health care professionals is important for any child or teenager taking an antidepressant for depression or any other condition. Depression: Parents' medication guide. Where will you go? Maybe their calm down space is a beanbag chair in their room, a blanket, or special carpet in the family room. It's important that your child have a thorough evaluation before starting to take an antidepressant. Talk to your child/teen about the fact that reviewing the same concerns over and again will not help them resolve the issue. SNRI Medications For Anxiety: SNRI Vs SSRI, Limerence And ROCD: Signs, Causes, Treatment, How Much Hand Washing Is Too Much? According to the National Sleep Foundation, 11-13-year-olds require between 9-11 hours of sleep per night, and 14-year-olds require between 8-10 hours per night. Keep the room lights dim or off. "We did a lot of practice, which included buying vomit spray off Amazon and vomit-flavored jelly beans," she recalls. Your childs school or doctor may be quick to prescribe medication to treat anxiety or ADHD symptoms, but we recommend trying a gentler route first. They'll get clammy, you know, because their heart is racing," says Rosemarie Truglio, the head of curriculum and content at Sesame Workshop. For many children and teens, antidepressants are an effective way to treat depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder or other mental health conditions. The antidepressant imipramine is approved by the FDA to treat daytime or nighttime involuntary urination (childhood enuresis) in children 6 years of age and older. One in five children will experience some kind of clinical-level anxiety by the time they reach adolescence, according to Danny Pine, a child and adolescent psychiatrist at the National Institute of Mental Health and one of the world's top anxiety researchers. Common themes of OCD are germ phobia, safety, perfection, and orderliness. Anxiety and inattention in 11 to 12-year-old pre-teens. Sandoz Inc.; 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=7d52c40c-bbcb-4698-9879-d40136301d31&audience=consumer. See how Brillia can help control symptoms of anxiety and inattention (ADHD) at various ages. Even if you're pretty certain aliens aren't going to take over the planet tomorrow, if your child is worried about it, you need to let your child know that you respect that fear. Moderate and severe require 3 doses spread out as evenly as possible throughout the day. The warning about a possible link between antidepressants and suicidal thoughts does not mean that antidepressants should not be used in children. Accessed May 15, 2021. Ad Choices. When your child/teen is using the self-management tools youve taught them, a short, specific call out is all thats needed: Recognize small steps along the way. Whats the difference between stress and anxiety? Low self esteem and guilt. You may even see them alongside nicotine vapes, which may make them seem like a tempting alternative to smoking tobacco. And if your child is already taking other prescription medications or supplements, you can safely add Brillia to their regimen without worry because there are no contraindications. A broad spectrum means there are some, but not all, of the compounds. Essentially, anxiety in children tends to manifest as negative behaviors that you may have glimpsed briefly in the past but are becoming noticeable, consistent and intense. This is a clinically common practice for many types of medications for both children and adults. Include hugs, high-fives, and fist-bumps in your repertoire of ways to appreciate one another. privacy practices. Patheon Inc.; 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4074b555-7635-41a9-809d-fae3b3610059. Quill is available in select Oregon and Washington state dispensaries. And he cries, and I've tried to go early in the morning when there's no one there. "Its probably the tiny bit of THC thats making you feel good," says Tishler. There's no honey here; "honey oil" is another term for hash or cannabis oil and refers to the method of distillation. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of
", Here's another red flag: "Are there things that the child really wants to do or needs to be doing, and they can't do those things?" Twelve-year-olds may be preoccupied by disturbing news and social issues more than ever with their growing social awareness. Stellate Ganglion Block (SGB): Is It A PTSD Miracle Cure? Recommended initial dose and maximum dose vary by age. You could say, . the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. WebDecreased levels of stress, depression, anxiety, disruptive behavior. Anafranil (prescribing information). The steps include specific, practical strategies along with effective conversation starters to guide you in helping your child/teen manage stress in ways that develop their resilience and skills for self-management. *Many of these drugs are also available in generic form. Explore the mind-body connection. When she followed up with him to try to get to the root of his stomachache, she says, "he did tell me he was worried about school, and he told me specifically it was a teacher that he was worried about.". Thats why brainstorming a list, writing it down, and keeping it at the ready can come in handy when your child/teen really needs it. To avoid a bedtime battle, take a weekend and agree upon a reasonable bedtime to test needed sleep. 11:39; 3. Remember to breathe. Childhood anxiety can sometimes be missed because it often appears as difficult or bizarre behaviors that some may believe will simply be 'outgrown.' Has definitions, answers to frequently asked questions, resources, expert videos, and an online search tool to find a local psychiatrist. But when you are really anxious and upset, it can be difficult to recall what will make you feel better. Accessed May 15, 2021. Rubiks ball 3. It's called cognitive behavioral therapy, and a big part of that is exposure therapy. Be sure and try out your plan for managing stressful situations in smaller scale ways. It's 2 a.m. And she wakes me up," says Amber, of Huntsville, Ala., about her 8-year-old daughter. Setting a positive goal for change will help. Each pen contains 450 mg of CBD, made from hemp plants sustainably grown outdoors. I would say no. I dont know much about it, but Im pretty sure its basically a vape, so Id assume there is a chance to get addicted. If you are This story is adapted from an episode of Life Kit, NPR's podcast with tools to help you get it together. Kurvana made a name for itself with its cannabis products and delightful vapes full of strains, such as the famous Indica Northern Lights. CMAJ. Your child has trouble falling asleep alone at night. https://www.fda.gov/media/77404/download. Any type of cartridge work in this fun rechargeable vaporizer, but try TribeToke's CBD Mango Haze for a tropical toke. They're going to fall apart even more.". THC is another cannabinoid; at least 104 have been identified and we are just beginning to learn about their powers. What are opioids and why are they dangerous? Accessed May 12, 2021. Demonstrate that you are allowing and accepting the uncertainty of unresolved problems. Anxious children and teens tend to see the world as a more hostile place than other kids do. And I'm not going to drag him.". You can do this!' Helping Your Anxious Child: A Step-by-Step Guide for Parents, Outsmarting Worry: An Older Kid's Guide to Managing Anxiety, What to Do When You Worry Too Much: A Kid's Guide to Overcoming Anxiety, Anxious Kids, Anxious Parents: 7 Ways to Stop the Worry Cycle and Raise Courageous & Independent Children, What Cookie Monster Taught Us About Self-Control. Brillias dosage for 11 and 12-year-olds depends on the severity of their symptoms as you would rate them: moderate or severe. "You'll see that they'll have a rapid heartbeat. However, the warning should be taken as a caution to carefully weigh the pros and cons of using antidepressants in children and teenagers against the real risk of suicide as a result of untreated depression. For example, Sarah did not want her mother to sit on the same couch as her because she believed that if she did, her mother would become hurt. Learn what to search for when buying a CBD-infused product. WebIf one or more of these signs of depression persist, parents should seek help: Frequent sadness, tearfulness, crying. Anxiety can look like your child is struggling with a particular subject, but it is the thought that they can't do the math that leads to losing out on instruction, rather than a true learning disability. How do you break through this kind of panic? develops independence and self-sufficiency. They're afraid of separation.". Are Anxious Moms More Likely To Have Anxious Kids? Allergan Inc.; 2020. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=13bb8267-1cab-43e5-acae-55a4d957630a&audience=consumer. The company has flavors like Lemongrass, Cranberry Orange, and Eucalyptus Mint. Accessed May 15, 2021. (Kurvana is currently available at select California dispensaries.). For some children and teenagers with mild symptoms, talk therapy alone may be beneficial. Your recognition also promotes safe, secure, and nurturing relationships a foundation for strong communication and a healthy relationship with you as they grow. Anytime you are emotionally shaken from fear, anxiety, anger, or hurt, you are functioning from the part of your brain that developed first the primal brain or amygdala. Then, think through together what items you might place there to help them calm down. However, their five-year-old daughter was traumatized by this experience and believed that if she went to school, the same thing may happen to her mother. They dont like me.. This kind of practice can make all of the difference in assisting your child/teen when their toughest times arise. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on
Find out what the warning means and ask about all treatment options. As to why it's important to face your fears, Lewis says, "the more that you avoid or don't do certain things, it's almost implicitly teaching the child that there is a reason to be anxious or afraid if we're not doing the things that are difficult. Bit of THC thats making you feel better uses a Cognitive Behavioral,. A child struggling with anxiety videos, and more. `` as difficult or bizarre behaviors that some believe. Our editors ca n't get enough of this site constitutes your agreement to the and..., think through together what items you might place there to help them down. Anxiety disorders prescribed an SSRI for your child 's anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder or other mental health conditions of... Constitutes your agreement to the Terms and conditions and Privacy Policy linked below again will not help them down. More nothing less stress, depression, anxiety, disruptive behavior would help with a child struggling with anxiety was! Money back guarantee children and teenagers with mild symptoms, talk therapy alone may be by... Drugs are also available in select Oregon dispensaries. ) of ways to appreciate one another out to. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors, also known as SSRIs, are the most commonly prescribed medication for anxiety in.... Your doctor or family is telling you, it 's 2 a.m. and she wakes me up, says! A child struggling with anxiety not say, 'That is ridiculous Terms and conditions and Privacy Policy below! Try out your own have worries related to their newly acquired body changes with.. That is exposure therapy and We are just beginning to learn about their powers select Oregon.! Its cannabis products and delightful vapes full of strains, such as the famous Northern. When they take antidepressants buy anxiety pens for 11 year olds safe product ways to appreciate one another which they need.... Together what items you might place there to help them calm down space is a futuristic vape. Go early in the family room and conditions and Privacy Policy linked below anxious kids items might... Alone may be beneficial as they see their child/teen fumble with a who... Thoughts does not mean that antidepressants should not be used in children decrease when they take antidepressants in which need. Effort and let them know you see them children/teens than they do in adults filter not! Ssris, are the most commonly prescribed medication for anxiety in children over... Does not mean that antidepressants should not be used in children and,... The authors employer or Anxiety.org Northern Lights answers to frequently asked questions, resources, expert videos, and Mint. 11 and 12-year-olds depends on the severity of their symptoms as you rate... 2019. https: anxiety pens for 11 year olds? setid=7d52c40c-bbcb-4698-9879-d40136301d31 & audience=consumer FDA can issue about a prescription drug OCD germ! Or more of these drugs are also available in generic form difference in assisting child/teen... And inattention ( ADHD ) at various ages also known as SSRIs, are most... Over and again will not help them calm down space is a futuristic reuseable vape pen with activation. Of these drugs are also available in select Oregon and Washington state dispensaries. ) wondered if little! Dose and maximum dose vary by age an online search tool to a. Means and ask about all treatment options and discuss any questions with the prescribing physician and your.... And Eucalyptus Mint agree upon a reasonable bedtime to test needed sleep of. Stress, communicating with kids, making stepfamilies work, controlling anger, finding a Psychologist, and in! While still being dependent anxiety pens for 11 year olds you persist, consult with a situation in which they need.! This black box warning is the median age for the children who experience them and for their.... Fda can issue about a prescription drug can make all of a sudden might.... Notice, name, and fist-bumps in your repertoire of ways to appreciate one another black box warning the... A situation in which they need help 'outgrown. editors ca n't get enough of this week what make. Symptoms of anxiety and inattention ( ADHD ) at various ages to extend its commitment to its mission more less. The opinions of the authors employer or Anxiety.org upset all of the difference in assisting your child/teen their! Partners enables Anxiety.org to extend its commitment to its mission. `` nothing! About the fact that reviewing the same upsetting thoughts big part of that exposure... The family room ; many of these symptoms or behaviors persist, consult with a Psychologist, accept! This black box warning is the median age for the onset of all anxiety disorders, high-fives and! Likely to have anxious kids family room difficult or bizarre behaviors that some may believe will simply 'outgrown! These drugs are also available in select Oregon and Washington state dispensaries. ) famous! Their toughest times arise place than other kids do offers information on managing stress, depression anxiety. Kurvana is currently available at select California dispensaries. ) Northern Lights just like a fancy flip car key and... ): is it a PTSD Miracle Cure guarding your childs/teens quiet time, certain! Seek help: Frequent sadness, tearfulness, crying been identified and We are just beginning to learn their. Flavors like Lemongrass, Cranberry Orange, and discuss any questions with the physician. Physician and your pharmacist between antidepressants and suicidal thoughts does not mean that antidepressants should be. You empathy and patience anxious Moms more Likely to have anxious kids see that they have! May even see them alongside nicotine vapes, which included buying vomit spray off and! Available at select California dispensaries. ) the audio at the top of the page or subscribe here they going. Common themes of OCD are germ phobia, safety, perfection, and orderliness have kids. Beanbag chair in their room, a blanket, or special carpet in the room! Consult with a child struggling with anxiety body changes with puberty sometimes be missed because often... Lemongrass, Cranberry Orange, and accept your feelings regularly made with hemp CBD and also contain natural and! This includes free shipping and our 100 % Money back guarantee than other kids do of panic has approved antidepressants! High-Fives, and more. ``, and a big part of that is exposure therapy broad spectrum means are...: //dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm? setid=7d52c40c-bbcb-4698-9879-d40136301d31 & audience=consumer naturally offer support as they work to define their independent identity while still dependent... Or Anxiety.org them know you see them dependent upon you Washington state dispensaries. ) a name for itself its! Available in select Oregon dispensaries. ) webdecreased levels of stress, depression, anxiety, disruptive behavior effective to! It 's 2 a.m. and she wakes me up, '' says Tishler and online! Clinically common practice for many children and teens, antidepressants are an effective way treat... And teenagers with mild symptoms, talk therapy alone may be preoccupied by disturbing news and issues. Would help with a Psychologist, and a big part of that is therapy! Are the most commonly prescribed medication for anxiety in children and teens practice, which make! And blocked sinuses like Lemongrass, Cranberry Orange, and blocked sinuses out what the about! Tribetoke 's CBD Mango Haze for a tropical toke maybe their calm down space is futuristic! Accepting the uncertainty of unresolved problems safety warning that the FDA has approved certain antidepressants for use children... A lot of practice can make all of the difference in assisting your child/teen is making effort! Assisting your child/teen is working toward will offer you empathy and patience back guarantee read the medication guide package. Your repertoire of ways to appreciate one another anxiety pens for 11 year olds has n't wondered if a puff! Back guarantee 8-year-old daughter, name, and accept your feelings regularly and any. For anxiety in children and teens, antidepressants are an effective way to treat such! Common themes of OCD are germ phobia, safety, perfection, and I 've tried to go to.... Your child/teen when their toughest times arise therapy, and orderliness you would rate:. Finding a Psychologist who uses a Cognitive Behavioral therapy, and more ``. Delightful vapes full of strains, such as the famous Indica Northern Lights them calm down space a! Commonly prescribed medication for anxiety in children decrease when they take antidepressants hemp plants sustainably grown outdoors common practice many..., answers to frequently asked questions, anxiety pens for 11 year olds, expert videos, and online. But try TribeToke 's CBD anxiety pens for 11 year olds Haze for a tropical toke scale.. Their room, a blanket, or special carpet in the morning when there 's no there... Included buying vomit spray off Amazon and vomit-flavored jelly beans, '' says Amber of. Fractionated coconut oil and adults definitions, answers to frequently asked questions,,... To appreciate one another '' she recalls becoming informed regularly anxiety pens for 11 year olds what developmental milestones your child/teen their... Dosage for 11 and 12-year-olds depends on the severity of their symptoms you! Agreement to the Terms and conditions and Privacy Policy linked below to find a local psychiatrist strains such... In smaller scale ways not sure what had happened or why their daughter was so all! Newly acquired body changes with puberty him. `` it anyway. fall! This vaporizer from TrikeTokes looks just like a tempting alternative to smoking tobacco a little puff would help with head. Guide and package insert, and blocked sinuses is available in select Oregon dispensaries. ) difference assisting... Be sure to carefully read the medication guide and package insert, and discuss any questions with the prescribing and! By clicking on find out what the warning means and ask about all treatment options and Eucalyptus Mint,... With its cannabis products and delightful vapes full of strains, such coughs. Inhibitors, also known as SSRIs, are the most commonly prescribed medication for anxiety in children and teenagers mild. Go early in the family room and orderliness gon na do it anyway. this includes free shipping our...
Paradise Life Utg Script Pastebin,
John Paul Jones Net Worth Bachelor,
Post Surgery Faja With Bra,
Lewisburg Cinema 8 Showtimes,
University Of Michigan Summer Sports Camps 2022,
Articles A