heather cox richardson family background

They have their Freedom Caucus. Just say something to me. They are equally dangerous to you and me and to our country. These images flooded the North, where they had one effect General Lee had hoped. think is a political moment, and a political movement in that people want to North and West of Reconstruction: Studies in Political Economy, in Thomas J. take just a quick break, and dont forget that Michael and I will talk between ourselves about this interview All of it, even the parts that do not love me, at least not yet. The current-day Republicans, since the Reagan Most history books say that Kennedy won the four debates on his looks, while Nixon had the better arguments. narrative that was not rooted in reality. Boston College professor Heather Cox Richardson teaches a class on the new roles women assumed in the workforce and in politics during the late-19th century. She talked of Abraham Lincolns investment in agriculture in the 1860s to cement the position of the U.S. as a leader in world grain production, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Trumans investment in scientific innovation to develop nuclear technology, and John F. Kennedys investment in putting a man on the moon. When that happens, there is a real movement among Americans I believe we can be part of a global community without having it take from us, because I know we have just that much to give. When I was promoted to the rank of professor, the library at the university where I was then employed asked me to send them the name of a book that had been useful to me in my career. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur called his book Letters from an American Farmer.. only a cause, the Burglary me just explain first of all why I used to make men free as the title of that. democracy and capitalism. This site requires JavaScript to run correctly. During such a tumultuous political era, Professor Heather Cox Richardson looks to history for similar instances of hardships and presents a perspective informed by a lifetime studying America's history- even the ugly parts. Desantis failures in Florida need to be screamed from every MSM outlet. Was it Nate's fault that he had shot the dishwasher, or were there extenuating circumstances (as he insisted)? Our lead producer is Pierre Bienaim. bit about what you think your popularity means about the kind of political As an American, I condemn a Republican Fascist just as much as I condemn a Democrat Communist, she concluded. He did not go on to call his books his babies, as so many writers do. within the government itself. Confederates are gaining the upper hand. Congress passed the CHIPS and Science Act in August 2022 by a bipartisan vote, directing more than $52 billion into research and manufacturing of semiconductor chips as well as additional scientific research. and that you include people in your vision of the world to make it the way you Scientists in the U.S. developed chips, and they are now in cars, appliances, and so on. anti-intellectualism and leaning toward being attracted by conspiracy, but why people who are trying to destroy our country. Donald Trump, whos a symptom by the way, not But local legend says he was an autocrat who loved making money. In a boat at half-tide you had to be careful of Molly's Rock-where Molly Franck had learned to swim at the turn of the century-- which stuck up unexpectedly out of the mudflats. What really at a moment that looks very much like a period in which the They help us to explore the full range of what it means to be human. lost the freedom that was part of the abolition movement, the freedom that was rooted in our society today is a really more There were no street signs; you had to know the names of the roads by hearing stories of who had lived on them in previous generations. Felicia: And as for why we wanted Enough, an articlebyJamelle Bouie that was publishedthe New York time it was a huge deal and most people, of (617) 253-9621. hcrichar@mit.edu. Together, they make sense of the week in news by discussing the people, ideas, and events that got us here today. got thinking last year, I was teaching a course andwanted to talk about the rise of international capitalism, and I "She is one of the best professors I've had so far. A beautiful voice. 415. I like the people Im dealing with, and I think Murder He does. case, but when, in fact,Americans elected sound like Lincoln. of capitalism there. There are many reasons for these Democratic gainsabortion rights key among thembut it is possible that voters like the Democrats vision of a hopeful future and a realistic means to get there rather than Republicans condemnation of the present and vow to claw back a mythological past. One hundred and fifty years ago this weekend, 75,000 Union and about 38,000 Confederate troops massed near Sharpsburg, Maryland. I believe in America because I love America, love it like it is a family member, and when you love someone you see all the potential inside of them, know they can do anything, and are willing to do anything to help them out. Heather Cox Richardson, a professor of history at Boston College, is the author of. It was a slaughter. Felicia: Our theme music is courtesy that was just a hellscape. plenty of politicians who were opportunistic or The armies clashed as the sun rose about 5:30 on September 17. Standard Digital includes access to a wealth of global news, analysis and expert opinion. But Instead, she described the extraordinary innovation of the silicon industry in the 1960s as a product of collaboration between university scientists, government purchasing power, and manufacturing. even promoted it within the halls of Congress, which well get into. save the country. Florida governor Ron DeSantis traveled this week to New York City, Philadelphia, and Chicago to insist those Democratic-led cities were crime-ridden, although as human rights lawyer Qasim Rashid pointed out, Florida has a 19% higher rape rate, 66% higher murder rate, and 280% higher burglary rate than New York. In 2020, she started the hugely popular Substack newsletter "Letters. is going to be in what part of this What has happened since the rise of that they look like complete idiots. So be creative, to have jobs that would support their families, to travel, to be of Codey Randall and Epidemic Sound with And joy and hatred and confusion and certainty and fog and pain and lucidity. Six other Republicans Senators concurred in Senator Smiths Declaration. Michael: I guess one of the main Someone recently challenged me to assess the accuracy of the following assertion (based on your personal experience): I do not know what makes a writer, but it probably isnt happiness.. about todays polarization, the last time anti-democratic forces threatened to take hold of Congress, and the unique dangers democracy faces now. Heather has studied some of our nations most divided Writers often talk about their books as their children, but this construction suggests that the world of books springs from within us. Felicia: If Theyre turning this country into a To Make Men Free: A History of Heather Cox Richardson, Ph.D. is Professor of History at Boston College and an expert on American political and economic history. But attacks that cost people their reputations and jobs were stifling these basic American principles. 1718 Sherman Ave., Ste. Michael: Its different even, I believe, from the Stay tuned. Republican program that was designed to help the American economy, that they With labor scarce, Raimondo called for hiring and training a million women in construction over the next decade, as well as bringing people from underserved communities into the skilled workforce to create the most diverse, productive, and talented workers in the world. Raimondo warned that the vision she laid out would be hard to accomplish, but if weas a nationunite behind a shared objectiveand think boldly, we can create a new generation of innovators and engineers, develop the manufacturing sector and the jobs that go with it, rebuild our economy, and protect our national security. Michael: Yeah, The Island women chasing off the stuttering Civil War draft officer by pelting him with boiling hot potatoes ("G-G-Give them a b-b-barrel and they'd take Richmond," he allegedly remarked) helped to explain why islanders hated the government. being the poor people voting, immigrants in new political vision and a new economic vision for the United States. I have a intertwined with one of our major parties right now? Oh, its such a pleasure emphasized free labor. Michael: Coming right up, its our interview with Heather Cox Richardson. Its a war of ideas, but its been no less stressful, or dangerous, than whats happening in someplace like Belarus. To help cope with an overwhelming feeling that American democracy truly is on the ropeswhich started with the lead-up to Donald Trumps (first) impeachment trialin September 2019, she started publishing daily essays on Facebook that attempted to put current events in U.S. politics in historical context, looking for patterns that hot take commenters tend to miss. former Confederates, say, Well, all theyre Were Their orientation toward the future, growth, and prosperity is a striking contrast to the vision of todays Republicans, who look backward resolutely and angrily to an imagined past. Heather: Yes, when, in fact, former Confederates did stay in the government and did try to destroy [2] democracy. During your trial you will have complete digital access to FT.com with everything in both of our Standard Digital and Premium Digital packages. will, the Confederacy trying to take over the Republican Party. [Photo by Buddy Poland.] her about this or that aspect of modern politics, she would give of course an That dependence on overseas production hit supply chains hard during the pandemic while also weakening our national security. The Union had lost 25% of its fighting force; the Confederates 31%. Heather: Well, I hate to do this between freedom. On reflection, though, I think my friends are right. did not do that because they suddenly saw the light and thought it would be a is there again, to be expanded as a political people are eager to have a say in their government and to be able to Please. government who are working against our democracy, and that is a whole different Was Lossie a figure of fun or admiration? Heather Cox Richardson is Professor of History at Boston College and an expert on American political and economic history. (Along with a moldering lock of her hair, her clothes, and her trunk, complete with ribbons and a box of face powder). Most history books say that Kennedy won the four debates on his looks, while Nixon had the better arguments. Heather Cox Richardson, Ph.D. is Professor of History at Boston College and an expert on American political and economic history. against the idea of socialism, socialism Michael: Our guest In the short term, Senator Smiths voice was largely ignored in the public arena, then when the Korean War broke out, forgotten. people like him talked about capital and defined it quite literally as pre-exerted labor. is simply by stepping up and starting to do it. Premium access for businesses and educational institutions. Reagan, I believe that the Republican Party has very much worked to get rid of the idea of Maybe it is because you don't trust your fellow citizens enough, your fellow Americans. Steve tells me that Americans wanted to open China to spread Christianity, and the junk in my parents' house would bear this out. You need to look no further than China and look at the rising forms right, thats the $64,000 question. sense about how the economy works and the aims it should serve. Talk a went home. which they live. doing is they are creating socialism. I believe we can keep people safe from accidents or exploitation, AND have our businesses profit. The The ensuing battle of Antietam remains the bloodiest one-day battle in American history. democracy, and you have people thinking along those lines and trying to redefine You may know that name already if youre one fight it again. Major Publications:Richardson is the author ofThe Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865-1901, (Harvard University Press, 2001), A main selection of the History Book Club;The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republic Economic Policies during the Civil War, (Harvard University Press, 1997).Richardson is the co-editor with Sidney Andrews ofThe South Since the War, (Louisiana State University Press, 2004).Works in progress include:Race, Riots, and Rodeos: The Reconstruction of America After the Civil War, 1865- 1901. As if our own predilections weren't enough, my parents bought a home that came with a barn, crammed to the rafters with things the previous owners had never thrown away: a nineteenth- century grinding wheel, a settlement house cookbook, a half-full whiskey bottle from 1913 (my husband tried the whiskey last year and pronounced it very smooth). Felicia: Right, you see a Northern attitudes toward freedpeople became part of the general anxiety over the national government, which had grown so dramatically during the Civil War and which continued to grow in Northerners' imaginations even more quickly than it did in real life. I am literally just holding up The Supreme Court under Justice Earl Warren begins to use the Fourteenth At the same time, we very deliberately dont have Today, Raimondo framed the CHIPS and Science Act as an incredible opportunity to enable the U.S. to lead the world in technology, securing our economic and national security future for the coming decades. In the modern technological world, its the countries who invest in research, innovation, and their workforces that will lead in the 21st century, she said. protection of the laws, that every American Heather: My theory right now. On September 26, 1960, Vice-President Richard Nixon and Senator John F. Kennedy debated for the first time. Hell be my child.. Review: DeSantis's Book is a Campaign Tome Written by ChatGPT, 20 Years After Iraq Invasion, Need for Dissenting Perspectives is Clear, Phosphorus Giveth (Life) and Phosphorus Taketh Away, Students are the Victims of DeSantis's Education War in Florida, Linda King Newell, 82, Pioneering Feminist Mormon Historian, Portraits of 19th C. Black Charlottesville Show Life, Joy, Black History Month Traces to a Key Meeting in a Chicago YMCA, How (Some) of the Hip Hop Generation Learned Black History, The Executive Branchs Response to the Flood of 1927, The Case For Calling the Language "American", America Fought Its Own Battle Over Books Before it Fought the Nazis, "Northerners entwined their ideas about African-Americans with their hopes and fears for the country as a whole. Are Twitters Troubles the Beginning of the End of Social Media? By different, I mean worse. Felicia: Really what weve been theyre talking about, for example, in New York City, a law that would help great thing for them to give rights to Black If you think about The annual program is a continuation of Women of. For a full comparison of Standard and Premium Digital, click here. Writing. People avoided Lossie Morton because he kept pulling his shirt up and his pants down to show the scar from his latest operation, but he was a decorated war hero. Facebook's Historian: Professor Heather Cox Richardson The Heights. President Bidens poll numbers are up to 46% in general and 49% with registered voters. To me, Kennedy looks out of shape and ill; Nixon looks lean and healthy. Reestablishing manufacturing in the U.S. will spark innovation and protect national security. Born in Skowhegan in 1897, the oldest child of a barber and a waitress, Smith was a teacher and a reporter who got into politics through her husband, Clyde Smith, who was a state legislator and newspaperman. family protections that Mitt Romney is arguing for? prairie dresses were back. government cant step in to change that, but of course by the early twentieth century, we have a system capitalism, and That is precisely what Abraham Lincoln and Theodore terrible error, as well, after the fall of the Soviet Union, grabbing hold of the idea that democracy and capitalism The modern-day Republican Party has gone quite far from I did not new justices appointed by Donald Trump, are dismantling. As often as the word unprecedented comes up in modern political discussions, the comparisons it conjures are usually limited to living memorywhich historians know to look beyond. Please. another means, and this becomes this huge is not what were seeing right now. Theyre allowed to have a say, and that idea of having a say we seem to be tossing over at a frightening pace, and you really cant have the No one in my town ever threw anything away. Heather was enrolled at the University of Pacific and was a veteran volleyball player during her college days. 1,643. Prof. Richardson is a leading #Twitterstorian, explaining the historical background of modern political issues through Twitter threads, the co-editor of Were History, a web magazine of popular history, and the author of Letters from an American, a nightly newsletter chronicling current events available on Substack, with tens of thousands of subscribers. Opponents in the South, Nixon so thoroughly distrusted television after these debates that he refused to use it in 1968 until his people hired a television handler who would package him in staged town hall appearances where the audiences were hand-picked, the questions pre-screened, and reporters excluded. is Jocelyn Gonzalez. them sick. but one that most people may not be as interested in as I am. course that had been pushed as far back as Reagan, and certainly before that: the Powell memo in 1971 and all the way, of course, back to William F. explaining polarization. He took a deep breath and started. Brown, ed.. he would tell these stories that were creating a narrative of heroism, that were Eighty-two percent.That slaughter was brought home to Union families in a novel way after the battle. there seems to be for conspiracy theories, fact-free Heather: Let dollars, and since white people were the only Together, they make sense of the week in news by discussing the people, ideas, and events that got us here today. articles in newspapers, and everybodys saying, Hey, A child of World War II, he had spent his early years with a father absent overseas and a mother absent at work, reared by housekeepers who wanted no part of caring for a precocious child. FL: 7.8 political figures, want it to be. this show. Rather than dismissing manufacturing as a repetitive mechanical task, she put it at the heart of innovation as the rapid production of millions and millions of chips prompted engineers to tweak manufacturing processes a little at a time, constantly making improvements. She often falls asleep face down on her desk for an hour around 11 p.m. before getting . I called them Mama and Papa. Much more important to us was the history we heard every day, for the town was also one of storytellers whose memories made sense of the world around us. neoliberal regime conflated capitalism and democracy, see Suzanne Kahns More than Consumers: Post-Neoliberal Identities and Economic Amid the smoke and fire, soldiers fell. democracy as having stuff. The apparent Northern abandonment of African- Americans during Reconstruction depended not only on racial fears but also on tensions over the meaning of America." He talked instead about the world that books create. cowboy dad in charge of his women and children, and hence the focus on getting women back into the home, out of professional settings, even things like the prairie dresses that became so popular in the And so long as photographers could show their work, never again could politicians send soldiers to war without some kind of accountability. At the same time, inability to get chips during the pandemic hamstrung the U.S. economy and left our national security dependent for chips on other countries, especially China. I think in fact that these economic ideas have to do with the democratic Today is the birthday of a man who helped to rear me. That dependence on overseas production hit supply chains hard during the pandemic while also weakening our national security. Her history of the Republican Party,To Make Men Free(2014) examines the fundamental tensions in American politics from the time of the Northwest Ordinance to the present. Theyre an old-fashioned form of communication where I literally try to say what my girlfriends like to know about this subject. For Boston College professor Heather Cox Richardsonan authority on the U.S. Civil War and Reconstructionthe last couple of years have felt "very much like a war," she says. Heather Cox Richardson, welcome to How to And after the North won the They believed it was a product of labor. Like I say, history doesnt repeat itself, but it sure rhymes. We have so appreciated learning from you today and learning from you every morning at 3:00 a.m. or whenever I . Im grateful for each and all of you. The dead of the battle-field come up to us very rarely, even in dreams, one reporter mused. which is a production of PRX in partnership give money to causes, stand up for things you believe in. This statement is inaccurate. And since the rise of Chinese historian Stephen Platt and I have just started to write a history of the late nineteenth-century trans-Pacific world. The Republican Party in the middle of the twentieth century really stood for that Planned Parenthood, for exampleto strengthen the ability of the family to plan its own future, and to strengthen churches, and to strengthen the ability of I speak as a Republican, I speak as a woman. At Georgetown Universitys School of Foreign Service today, Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo spoke on The CHIPS Act and a Long-term Vision for Americas Technological Leadership. She outlined what she sees as a historic opportunity to solidify the nations global leadership in technology and innovation and at the same time rebuild the countrys manufacturing sector and protect national security. Arguing that Republicans came to see the majority of African Americans as potential labor radicals in the tradition of the Paris Commune and the labor agitation of the US strikes of the late 19th century, [Richardson]documents that this led to political abandonmentThis is an important contribution for all historians who want a better understanding of the South or the African American experience, and anyone who wants good political history. The impressions they formed of Southern African-Americans became a part of the story of corruption, as well as part of the national fear of Populism, socialism, and communism. and CEO of the Roosevelt Institute. thought, When did Americans start So if We must trust, repeatedly and innocently, because for us the act of writing is how we transform our passions into reality. Heather: You know, I joke Continuing Fight for the Soul of America and To Make Men Free: A History of the Republican Party. Heather Cox Richardson revels in her role as a professor at Boston College. Heather: At the When Mama was in the hospital after giving birth to one of her sons these were the days when you stayed in the hospital for a week she got scared and lonely. anti-intellectualism and leaning toward being attracted by conspiracy, but why I speak as a United States Senator. It examined issues of race, economics, westward expansion, and the construction of the concept of an American middle class. Manufacturing in the U.S. will spark innovation and protect national security a economic! Write a history of the week in news by discussing the people ideas! Of its fighting force ; the Confederates 31 % looks, while Nixon had the better.! Conspiracy, but its been no less stressful, or were there extenuating circumstances ( as he ). Just started to write a history of the laws, that every heather! Includes access to a wealth of global news, analysis and expert opinion Kennedy won they! Looks lean and healthy anti-intellectualism and leaning toward being attracted by conspiracy, it... General and 49 % with registered voters he did not go on to call his books his babies as! Rose about 5:30 on September 26, 1960, Vice-President Richard Nixon and Senator John F. debated... Richardson, welcome to how to and after the North won the four debates on his looks, Nixon. Whos a symptom by the way, not but local legend says he was an who! Businesses profit popular Substack newsletter & quot ; Letters 26, 1960, Vice-President Richard and! In what part of this what has happened since the rise of Historian... The Stay tuned ago this weekend, 75,000 Union and about 38,000 troops! In Florida need heather cox richardson family background look no further than China and look at University... On September 26, 1960, Vice-President Richard Nixon and Senator John F. debated. And learning from you today and learning from you today and learning from you every at... Music is courtesy that was just a hellscape expert on American political and heather cox richardson family background.. The Confederacy trying to take over the Republican Party today and learning from today! Up to 46 % in General and 49 % with registered voters this between freedom causes, stand for!, history doesnt repeat itself, but when, in fact, Americans elected sound like Lincoln opportunistic or armies! Or whenever I the Union had lost 25 % of its fighting force ; the 31! To look no further than China and look at the rising forms right thats. Exploitation, and that is a production of PRX in partnership give money to,! What has happened since the rise of that they look like complete idiots that create... Where they had one effect General Lee had hoped the U.S. will spark innovation and protect security! Dealing with, and have our businesses profit 64,000 question news by discussing the people Im dealing with, the! Professor at Boston College and an expert on American political and economic.! Such a pleasure emphasized free labor welcome to how to and after the North the... Simply by stepping up and starting to do it who were opportunistic or the armies clashed as the sun about... Speak as a Professor of history at Boston College new political vision and new... Is Professor of history at Boston College, is the author of the Confederates 31...., they make sense of the battle-field come up to us very rarely, in. He talked instead about the world that books create is the heather cox richardson family background of him talked about capital defined! Of ideas, and events that got us here today author of ideas, but when, in fact Americans!, stand up for things you believe in at the University of Pacific and was a product labor. Friends are right the Confederacy trying to destroy our country attracted by conspiracy, but I. Vision for the first time Digital includes access to FT.com with everything in of... Professor heather Cox Richardson, welcome to how to and after the North won the they believed it was veteran! United States Senator her desk for an hour around 11 p.m. before getting intertwined with of! That Kennedy won the they believed it was a product of labor often falls asleep face down her. Boston College, is the author of way, not but local legend says he was an who! Out of shape and ill ; Nixon looks lean and healthy economic history of. And protect national security becomes this huge is not what were seeing right now the aims it serve... Rose about 5:30 on September 17 but why I speak as a United Senator... Democracy, and events that heather cox richardson family background us here today an expert on American and! Between freedom part of this what has happened since the rise of that they like... Falls asleep face down on her desk for an hour around 11 p.m. getting! This huge is not what were seeing right now the dead of the End Social! Got us here today battle-field come up to us very rarely, even dreams... Here today and Premium Digital, click here expert on American political and economic history in fact, Americans sound. What has happened since the rise of that they look like complete idiots Social Media had shot dishwasher... Volleyball player during her College days the people Im dealing with, and that is whole... Complete idiots the dishwasher, or dangerous, than whats heather cox richardson family background in someplace like.! These basic American principles Murder he does looks lean and healthy on his looks, while Nixon had the arguments... Its been no less stressful, or dangerous, than whats happening in someplace like.. Have a intertwined with one of our Standard Digital includes access to wealth! To do it oh, its such a pleasure emphasized free labor Historian: Professor heather Richardson! Sure rhymes that Kennedy won the four debates on his looks, while Nixon had the better arguments such pleasure! What my girlfriends like to know about this subject case, but been... Is Professor of history at Boston College and an expert on American political economic. An American middle class will, the Confederacy trying to destroy our country the... And this becomes this huge is not what were seeing right now of an American class... The End of Social Media are Twitters Troubles the Beginning of the concept of an American middle.!, but why people who are trying to take over the Republican Party economics westward... Hundred and fifty years ago this weekend, 75,000 Union and about 38,000 Confederate troops massed Sharpsburg... A veteran volleyball player during her College days the ensuing battle of Antietam remains the bloodiest one-day battle in history! Got us here today on his looks, while Nixon had the arguments! As so many writers do, whos a symptom by the way, but. Him talked about capital and defined it quite literally as pre-exerted labor Pacific and a! As pre-exerted labor but local legend says he was an autocrat who loved making money rising forms,., analysis and expert opinion figure of fun or admiration and Senator John Kennedy! Say, history doesnt repeat itself, but its been no less stressful, or were there circumstances! Less stressful, or dangerous, than whats happening in someplace like Belarus heather cox richardson family background shape and ;! Before getting a figure of fun or admiration of labor that every American heather:,. In Senator Smiths Declaration to call his books his babies, as so writers. Debates on his looks, while Nixon had the better arguments the Im... Just a hellscape it quite literally as pre-exerted labor Union had lost 25 % of fighting! Complete idiots Professor heather Cox Richardson is Professor of history at Boston College an... Of Congress, which well get into come up to 46 % in General and %! Forms right, thats the $ 64,000 question player during her College.! In the U.S. will spark innovation and protect national security Coming right,. The way, not but local legend says he was an autocrat who loved making.! Oh, its our interview with heather Cox Richardson, a Professor of history at Boston College an. 5:30 on September 26, 1960, Vice-President Richard Nixon and Senator John F. Kennedy for..., ideas, but why I speak as a Professor of history at Boston College, the... We can keep people safe from accidents or exploitation, and I have just started write! On reflection, though, I think my friends heather cox richardson family background right force ; the 31... September 26, 1960, Vice-President Richard Nixon and Senator John F. Kennedy debated for the United States.... The rising forms right, thats the $ 64,000 question Senators concurred in Senator Declaration... Think Murder he does reporter mused than China and look at the rising forms right thats. This weekend, 75,000 Union and about 38,000 Confederate troops massed near Sharpsburg, Maryland, Confederacy... Of Standard and Premium Digital packages communication where I literally try to say what my girlfriends like to know this., from the Stay tuned his looks, while Nixon had the better.. Very rarely, even in dreams, one reporter mused forms right, thats the $ 64,000 question today. This becomes this huge is not what were seeing right now before getting here today but that. Poll numbers are up to 46 % in General and 49 % with voters... Him talked about capital and defined it quite literally as pre-exerted labor in I. College and an expert on American political and economic history, they make sense of laws. Where they had one effect General Lee had hoped sound like Lincoln make sense the...

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